Equity and determinants in universal health coverage indicators in Iraq, 2000-2030: a national and subnational study

Abstract

Background: Equity is one of three dimensions of universal health coverage (UHC). However, Iraq has had capital-focused health services and successive conflicts and political turmoil have hampered health services around the country. Iraq has embarked on a new reconstruction process since 2018 and it could be time to aim for equitable healthcare access to realise UHC. We aimed to examine inequality and determinants associated with Iraq's progress towards UHC targets.

Methods: We assessed the progress toward UHC in the context of equity using six nationally representative population-based household surveys in Iraq in 2000-2018. We included 14 health service indicators and two financial risk protection indicators in our UHC progress assessment. Bayesian hierarchical regression model was used to estimate the trend, projection, and determinant analyses. Slope and relative index of inequality were used to assess wealth-based inequality.

Results: In the national-level health service indicators, inequality indices decreased substantially from 2000 to 2030. However, the wide inequalities are projected to remain in DTP3, measles, full immunisations, and antenatal care in 2030. The pro-rich inequality gap in catastrophic health expenditure increased significantly in all governorates except Sulaimaniya from 2007 to 2012. The higher increases in pro-rich inequality were found in Missan, Karbala, Erbil, and Diala. Mothers' higher education and more antenatal care visits were possible factors for increased coverage of health service indicators. The higher number of children and elderly population in the households were potential risk factors for an increased risk of catastrophic and impoverishing health payment in Iraq.

Conclusions: To reduce inequality in Iraq, urgent health-system reform is needed, with consideration for vulnerable households having female-heads, less educated mothers, and more children and/or elderly people. Considering varying inequity between and within governorates in Iraq, reconstruction of primary healthcare across the country and cross-sectoral targeted interventions for women should be prioritised.

Keywords: Bayesian analysis; Catastrophic health payment; Equity; Social determinants; Universal health coverage.

Fig. 1

Residence-specific health service indicators at the national level in Iraq, 2000–2030. FPNS family planning needs satisfied, ANC1 at least one antenatal care visit, ANC4 at least four antenatal care visits, INSD institutional delivery, SBA skilled birth attendance, Full full immunisation, MSL measles immunisation, ARI treatment acute respiratory infection treatment for pneumonia, ORT oral rehydration therapy, Water improved water sources, Sanitation adequate sanitation

Fig. 2

Wealth quintile-specific health service indicators at the national level; Slope index of inequality in the national-level health service indicators (% point) in Iraq, 2000–2030. FPNS family planning needs satisfied, ANC1 at least one antenatal care visit, ANC4 at least four antenatal care visits, INSD institutional delivery, SBA skilled birth attendance, Full (immun) full immunisation, MSL measles immunisation, ARI treatment acute respiratory infection treatment for pneumonia, ORT oral rehydration therapy, Water improved water sources, Sanitation adequate sanitation