. 2021 Aug 17:98:100116.

doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

P W Crous^{1

2}, L Lombard¹, M Sandoval-Denis^{1

3}, K A Seifert⁴, H-J Schroers⁵, P Chaverri^{6

7}, J Gené⁸, J Guarro⁸, Y Hirooka⁹, K Bensch¹, G H J Kema², S C Lamprecht¹⁰, L Cai^{11

12}, A Y Rossman¹³, M Stadler¹⁴, R C Summerbell^{15

16}, J W Taylor¹⁷, S Ploch¹⁸, C M Visagie¹⁹, N Yilmaz¹⁹, J C Frisvad²⁰, A M Abdel-Azeem²¹, J Abdollahzadeh²², A Abdolrasouli^{23

24}, A Akulov²⁵, J F Alberts²⁶, J P M Araújo²⁷, H A Ariyawansa²⁸, M Bakhshi²⁹, M Bendiksby^{30

31}, A Ben Hadj Amor¹, J D P Bezerra³², T Boekhout¹, M P S Câmara³³, M Carbia³⁴, G Cardinali³⁵, R F Castañeda-Ruiz³⁶, A Celis³⁷, V Chaturvedi³⁸, J Collemare¹, D Croll³⁹, U Damm⁴⁰, C A Decock⁴¹, R P de Vries¹, C N Ezekiel⁴², X L Fan⁴³, N B Fernández^{44

45}, E Gaya⁴⁶, C D González⁴⁷, D Gramaje⁴⁸, J Z Groenewald¹, M Grube⁴⁹, M Guevara-Suarez⁵⁰, V K Gupta^{51

52}, V Guarnaccia⁵³, A Haddaji⁵⁴, F Hagen¹, D Haelewaters^{55

56}, K Hansen⁵⁷, A Hashimoto⁵⁸, M Hernández-Restrepo¹, J Houbraken¹, V Hubka⁵⁹, K D Hyde⁶⁰, T Iturriaga⁶¹, R Jeewon⁶², P R Johnston⁶³, Ž Jurjević⁶⁴, I Karalti⁶⁵, L Korsten⁶⁶, E E Kuramae^{3

67}, I Kušan⁶⁸, R Labuda⁶⁹, D P Lawrence⁷⁰, H B Lee⁷¹, C Lechat⁷², H Y Li⁷³, Y A Litovka^{74

75}, S S N Maharachchikumbura⁷⁶, Y Marin-Felix¹⁴, B Matio Kemkuignou¹⁴, N Matočec⁶⁸, A R McTaggart⁷⁷, P Mlčoch⁷⁸, L Mugnai⁷⁹, C Nakashima⁸⁰, R H Nilsson⁸¹, S R Noumeur⁸², I N Pavlov^{74

75}, M P Peralta⁸³, A J L Phillips⁸⁴, J I Pitt⁸⁵, G Polizzi⁸⁶, W Quaedvlieg⁸⁷, K C Rajeshkumar⁸⁸, S Restrepo⁸⁹, A Rhaiem⁹⁰, J Robert⁵⁴, V Robert¹, A M Rodrigues⁹¹, C Salgado-Salazar⁹², R A Samson¹, A C S Santos⁹³, R G Shivas⁹⁴, C M Souza-Motta⁹³, G Y Sun⁹⁵, W J Swart⁹⁶, S Szoke⁵⁴, Y P Tan^{94

97}, J E Taylor⁹⁸, P W J Taylor⁹⁹, P V Tiago⁹³, K Z Váczy¹⁰⁰, N van de Wiele⁵⁴, N A van der Merwe¹⁹, G J M Verkley¹, W A S Vieira³³, A Vizzini¹⁰¹, B S Weir⁶³, N N Wijayawardene¹⁰², J W Xia¹⁰³, M J Yáñez-Morales¹⁰⁴, A Yurkov¹⁰⁵, J C Zamora¹⁰⁶, R Zare²⁹, C L Zhang¹⁰⁷, M Thines^{18

108

109}

Affiliations

¹ Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3508 AD, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
² Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³ Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
⁵ Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶ Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
⁷ Escuela de Biología and Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
⁸ Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut i Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Spain.
⁹ Department of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
¹⁰ ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹¹ State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
¹² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
¹³ Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁵ Sporometrics, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁶ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁷ Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA.
¹⁸ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
²⁰ Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU-Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
²¹ Systematic Mycology Lab., Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
²² Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
²³ Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.
²⁵ Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Maidan Svobody 4, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
²⁶ Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
²⁷ School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
²⁸ Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
²⁹ Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran, Iran.
³⁰ Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway.
³¹ Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway.
³² Setor de Micologia/Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Universitário - CEP: 74605-050, Universidade Federal de Goiás/Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
³³ Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, PE, Brazil.
³⁴ Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Av. A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁵ Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Borgo 20 Giugno, 74 Perugia, Italy.
³⁶ Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical Alejandro de Humboldt (INIFAT), Académico Titular de la Academia de Ciencias de, Cuba.
³⁷ Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.
³⁸ Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.
³⁹ Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806, Görlitz, Germany.
⁴¹ Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL, BCCMTM), Earth and Life Institute - ELIM - Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
⁴² Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
⁴³ The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁴⁴ Laboratorio de Micología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁵ Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁶ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK.
⁴⁷ Laboratorio de Salud de Bosques y Ecosistemas, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
⁴⁸ Institute of Grapevine and Wine Sciences (ICVV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-University of La Rioja-Government of La Rioja, Logroño, 26007, Spain.
⁴⁹ Institut für Biologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
⁵⁰ Applied genomics research group, Universidad de los Andes, Cr 1 # 18 a 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵¹ Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
⁵² Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
⁵³ Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
⁵⁴ BioAware, Hannut, Belgium.
⁵⁵ Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
⁵⁷ Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵⁸ Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan.
⁵⁹ Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁶⁰ Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chaing Rai, 57100, Thailand.
⁶¹ Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
⁶² Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
⁶³ Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
⁶⁴ EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ, 08077, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yeditepe University, Turkey.
⁶⁶ Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
⁶⁷ Institute of Environmental Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁶⁹ University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna (VetMed), Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna and BiMM - Bioactive Microbial Metabolites group, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
⁷⁰ University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Dong 300, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
⁷² Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
⁷³ The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
⁷⁴ V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Laboratory of Reforestation, Mycology and Plant Pathology, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
⁷⁵ Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Technology of Wood and Biotechnology, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia.
⁷⁶ School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
⁷⁷ Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, G.P.O. Box 267, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
⁷⁸ Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
⁷⁹ Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
⁸⁰ Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurima-machiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
⁸¹ Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸² Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna, 05000, Algeria.
⁸³ Laboratorio de Micodiversidad y Micoprospección, PROIMI-CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, Argentina.
⁸⁴ Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁸⁵ Microbial Screening Technologies, 28 Percival Rd, Smithfield, NSW, 2164, Australia.
⁸⁶ Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, sez. Patologia vegetale, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
⁸⁷ Phytopathology, Van Zanten Breeding B.V., Lavendelweg 15, 1435 EW, Rijsenhout, the Netherlands.
⁸⁸ National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 004, India.
⁸⁹ Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology - (LAMFU), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cr 1 # 18 a 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁹⁰ Plant Pathology and Population Genetics, Laboratory of Microorganisms, National Gene Bank, Tunisia.
⁹¹ Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil.
⁹² USDA-ARS Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Laboratory, Bldg. 010A, Rm. 212, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
⁹³ Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
⁹⁴ Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia.
⁹⁵ College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
⁹⁶ Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
⁹⁷ Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
⁹⁸ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom.
⁹⁹ Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
¹⁰⁰ Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly University, 6 Leányka Street, H-3300, Eger, Hungary.
¹⁰¹ Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-SS Turin), C.N.R, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy.
¹⁰² Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, 655011, China.
¹⁰³ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
¹⁰⁴ Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo, Montecillo-Texcoco, 56230 Edo. de Mexico, Mexico.
¹⁰⁵ Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁰⁷ Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
¹⁰⁸ Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁰⁹ LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

PMID: 34466168
PMCID: PMC8379525
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116

Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

P W Crous et al. Stud Mycol. 2021.

. 2021 Aug 17:98:100116.

doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, 3508 AD, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
² Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), Laboratory of Phytopathology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
³ Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
⁴ Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
⁵ Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁶ Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
⁷ Escuela de Biología and Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica.
⁸ Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut i Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Spain.
⁹ Department of Clinical Plant Science, Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan.
¹⁰ ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, 7599, Western Cape, South Africa.
¹¹ State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
¹² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
¹³ Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
¹⁴ Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research GmbH (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁵ Sporometrics, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁶ Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
¹⁷ Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3102, USA.
¹⁸ Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center, Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁹ Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
²⁰ Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DTU-Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
²¹ Systematic Mycology Lab., Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
²² Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, P.O. Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran.
²³ Department of Medical Microbiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
²⁴ Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK.
²⁵ Department of Mycology and Plant Resistance, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Maidan Svobody 4, 61022, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
²⁶ Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
²⁷ School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
²⁸ Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, No.1, Sec.4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
²⁹ Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran, Iran.
³⁰ Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway.
³¹ Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Trondheim, Norway.
³² Setor de Micologia/Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Rua 235 - s/n - Setor Universitário - CEP: 74605-050, Universidade Federal de Goiás/Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
³³ Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, 52171-900, PE, Brazil.
³⁴ Departamento de Parasitología y Micología, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Av. A. Navarro 3051, Montevideo, Uruguay.
³⁵ Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Via Borgo 20 Giugno, 74 Perugia, Italy.
³⁶ Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical Alejandro de Humboldt (INIFAT), Académico Titular de la Academia de Ciencias de, Cuba.
³⁷ Grupo de Investigación Celular y Molecular de Microorganismos Patógenos (CeMoP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.
³⁸ Mycology Laboratory, New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA.
³⁹ Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, PF 300 154, 02806, Görlitz, Germany.
⁴¹ Mycothèque de l'Université catholique de Louvain (MUCL, BCCMTM), Earth and Life Institute - ELIM - Mycology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 2 bte L7.05.06, B-1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
⁴² Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
⁴³ The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁴⁴ Laboratorio de Micología Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁵ Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁶ Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, UK.
⁴⁷ Laboratorio de Salud de Bosques y Ecosistemas, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile.
⁴⁸ Institute of Grapevine and Wine Sciences (ICVV), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-University of La Rioja-Government of La Rioja, Logroño, 26007, Spain.
⁴⁹ Institut für Biologie, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010, Graz, Austria.
⁵⁰ Applied genomics research group, Universidad de los Andes, Cr 1 # 18 a 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵¹ Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
⁵² Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.
⁵³ Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
⁵⁴ BioAware, Hannut, Belgium.
⁵⁵ Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 35 K.L. Ledeganckstraat, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
⁵⁶ Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
⁵⁷ Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁵⁸ Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan.
⁵⁹ Department of Botany, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁶⁰ Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chaing Rai, 57100, Thailand.
⁶¹ Cornell University, 334 Plant Science Building, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
⁶² Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius.
⁶³ Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
⁶⁴ EMSL Analytical, Inc., 200 Route 130 North, Cinnaminson, NJ, 08077, USA.
⁶⁵ Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Yeditepe University, Turkey.
⁶⁶ Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, P. Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa.
⁶⁷ Institute of Environmental Biology, Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁶⁸ Laboratory for Biological Diversity, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
⁶⁹ University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna (VetMed), Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna and BiMM - Bioactive Microbial Metabolites group, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
⁷⁰ University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-Dong 300, Buk-Gu, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea.
⁷² Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360, Villiers-en-Bois, France.
⁷³ The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
⁷⁴ V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS, Laboratory of Reforestation, Mycology and Plant Pathology, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia.
⁷⁵ Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Technology of Wood and Biotechnology, Krasnoyarsk, 660037, Russia.
⁷⁶ School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
⁷⁷ Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, G.P.O. Box 267, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
⁷⁸ Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
⁷⁹ Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology (DAGRI), Plant Pathology and Entomology section, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 28, 50144, Firenze, Italy.
⁸⁰ Graduate school of Bioresources, Mie University, Kurima-machiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
⁸¹ Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center at the Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁸² Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, Batna, 05000, Algeria.
⁸³ Laboratorio de Micodiversidad y Micoprospección, PROIMI-CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pje. Caseros, Argentina.
⁸⁴ Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
⁸⁵ Microbial Screening Technologies, 28 Percival Rd, Smithfield, NSW, 2164, Australia.
⁸⁶ Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, sez. Patologia vegetale, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
⁸⁷ Phytopathology, Van Zanten Breeding B.V., Lavendelweg 15, 1435 EW, Rijsenhout, the Netherlands.
⁸⁸ National Fungal Culture Collection of India (NFCCI), Biodiversity and Palaeobiology (Fungi) Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 004, India.
⁸⁹ Laboratory of Mycology and Phytopathology - (LAMFU), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Cr 1 # 18 a 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁹⁰ Plant Pathology and Population Genetics, Laboratory of Microorganisms, National Gene Bank, Tunisia.
⁹¹ Laboratory of Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Discipline of Cellular Biology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, 04023062, Brazil.
⁹² USDA-ARS Mycology & Nematology Genetic Diversity & Biology Laboratory, Bldg. 010A, Rm. 212, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
⁹³ Departamento de Micologia Prof. Chaves Batista, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Cidade Universitária, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, s/n, Recife, PE, CEP: 50670-901, Brazil.
⁹⁴ Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Queensland, Australia.
⁹⁵ College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
⁹⁶ Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
⁹⁷ Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
⁹⁸ Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom.
⁹⁹ Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
¹⁰⁰ Food and Wine Research Institute, Eszterházy Károly University, 6 Leányka Street, H-3300, Eger, Hungary.
¹⁰¹ Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino and Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP-SS Turin), C.N.R, Viale P.A. Mattioli, 25, I-10125, Torino, Italy.
¹⁰² Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan, 655011, China.
¹⁰³ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology of Vegetable Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
¹⁰⁴ Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados-Campus Montecillo, Montecillo-Texcoco, 56230 Edo. de Mexico, Mexico.
¹⁰⁵ Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstrasse 7 B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
¹⁰⁶ Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁰⁷ Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
¹⁰⁸ Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue Str. 13, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁰⁹ LOEWE Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

PMID: 34466168
PMCID: PMC8379525
DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100116

Abstract

Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).

Keywords: Apiognomonia platani (Lév.) L. Lombard; Atractium ciliatum Link; Atractium pallidum Bonord.; Calloria tremelloides (Grev.) L. Lombard; Cephalosporium sacchari E.J. Butler; Cosmosporella cavisperma (Corda) Sand.-Den., L. Lombard & Crous; Cylindrodendrum orthosporum (Sacc. & P. Syd.) L. Lombard; Dialonectria volutella (Ellis & Everh.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Fusarium aeruginosum Delacr.; Fusarium agaricorum Sarrazin; Fusarium albidoviolaceum Dasz.; Fusarium aleyrodis Petch; Fusarium amentorum Lacroix; Fusarium annuum Leonian; Fusarium arcuatum Berk. & M.A. Curtis; Fusarium aridum O.A. Pratt; Fusarium armeniacum (G.A. Forbes et al.) L.W. Burgess & Summerell; Fusarium arthrosporioides Sherb.; Fusarium asparagi Delacr.; Fusarium batatas Wollenw.; Fusarium biforme Sherb.; Fusarium buharicum Jacz. ex Babajan & Teterevn.-Babajan; Fusarium cactacearum Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav.; Fusarium cacti-maxonii Pasin. & Buzz.-Trav.; Fusarium caudatum Wollenw.; Fusarium cavispermum Corda; Fusarium cepae Hanzawa; Fusarium cesatii Rabenh.; Fusarium citriforme Jamal.; Fusarium citrinum Wollenw.; Fusarium citrulli Taubenh.; Fusarium clavatum Sherb.; Fusarium coccinellum Kalchbr.; Fusarium cromyophthoron Sideris; Fusarium cucurbitae Taubenh.; Fusarium cuneiforme Sherb.; Fusarium delacroixii Sacc.; Fusarium dimerum var. nectrioides Wollenw.; Fusarium echinatum Sand.-Den. & G.J. Marais; Fusarium epicoccum McAlpine; Fusarium eucheliae Sartory, R. Sartory & J. Mey.; Fusarium fissum Peyl; Fusarium flocciferum Corda; Fusarium gemmiperda Aderh.; Fusarium genevense Dasz.; Fusarium graminearum Schwabe; Fusarium graminum Corda; Fusarium heterosporioides Fautrey; Fusarium heterosporum Nees & T. Nees; Fusarium idahoanum O.A. Pratt; Fusarium juruanum Henn.; Fusarium lanceolatum O.A. Pratt; Fusarium lateritium Nees; Fusarium loncheceras Sideris; Fusarium longipes Wollenw. & Reinking; Fusarium lyarnte J.L. Walsh, Sangal., L.W. Burgess, E.C.Y. Liew & Summerell; Fusarium malvacearum Taubenh.; Fusarium martii f. phaseoli Burkh.; Fusarium muentzii Delacr.; Fusarium nigrum O.A. Pratt; Fusarium oxysporum var. asclerotium Sherb.; Fusarium palczewskii Jacz.; Fusarium palustre W.H. Elmer & Marra; Fusarium polymorphum Matr.; Fusarium poolense Taubenh.; Fusarium prieskaense G.J. Marais & Sand.-Den.; Fusarium prunorum McAlpine; Fusarium pusillum Wollenw.; Fusarium putrefaciens Osterw.; Fusarium redolens Wollenw.; Fusarium reticulatum Mont.; Fusarium rhizochromatistes Sideris; Fusarium rhizophilum Corda; Fusarium rhodellum McAlpine; Fusarium roesleri Thüm.; Fusarium rostratum Appel & Wollenw.; Fusarium rubiginosum Appel & Wollenw.; Fusarium rubrum Parav.; Fusarium samoense Gehrm.; Fusarium scirpi Lambotte & Fautrey; Fusarium secalis Jacz.; Fusarium spinaciae Hungerf.; Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb.; Fusarium stercoris Fuckel; Fusarium stilboides Wollenw.; Fusarium stillatum De Not. ex Sacc.; Fusarium sublunatum Reinking; Fusarium succisae Schröt. ex Sacc.; Fusarium tabacivorum Delacr.; Fusarium trichothecioides Wollenw.; Fusarium tritici Liebman; Fusarium tuberivorum Wilcox & G.K. Link; Fusarium tumidum var. humi Reinking; Fusarium ustilaginis Kellerm. & Swingle; Fusarium viticola Thüm.; Fusarium werrikimbe J.L. Walsh, L.W. Burgess, E.C.Y. Liew & B.A. Summerell; Fusarium willkommii Lindau; Fusarium xylarioides Steyaert; Fusarium zygopetali Delacr.; Fusicolla meniscoidea L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Fusicolla quarantenae J.D.P. Bezerra, Sand.-Den., Crous & Souza-Motta; Fusicolla sporellula Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard; Fusisporium andropogonis Cooke ex Thüm.; Fusisporium anthophilum A. Braun; Fusisporium arundinis Corda; Fusisporium avenaceum Fr.; Fusisporium clypeaster Corda; Fusisporium culmorum Wm.G. Sm.; Fusisporium didymum Harting; Fusisporium elasticae Thüm.; Fusisporium episphaericum Cooke & Ellis; Fusisporium flavidum Bonord.; Fusisporium hordei Wm.G. Sm.; Fusisporium incarnatum Roberge ex Desm.; Fusisporium lolii Wm.G. Sm.; Fusisporium pandani Corda; Gibberella phyllostachydicola W. Yamam.; Hymenella aurea (Corda) L. Lombard; Hymenella spermogoniopsis (Jul. Müll.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Luteonectria Sand.-Den., L. Lombard, Schroers & Rossman; Luteonectria albida (Rossman) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard; Luteonectria nematophila (Nirenberg & Hagedorn) Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard; Macroconia bulbipes Crous & Sand.-Den.; Macroconia phlogioides Sand.-Den. & Crous; Menispora penicillata Harz; Multi-gene phylogeny; Mycotoxins; Nectriaceae; Neocosmospora; Neocosmospora epipeda Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora floridana (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora merkxiana Quaedvl. & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora neerlandica Crous & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora nelsonii Crous & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora obliquiseptata (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora pseudopisi Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard; Neocosmospora rekana (Lynn & Marinc.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Neocosmospora tuaranensis (T. Aoki et al.) L. Lombard & Sand.-Den.; Nothofusarium Crous, Sand.-Den. & L. Lombard; Nothofusarium devonianum L. Lombard, Crous & Sand.-Den.; Novel taxa; Pathogen; Scolecofusarium L. Lombard, Sand.-Den. & Crous; Scolecofusarium ciliatum (Link) L. Lombard, Sand.-Den. & Crous; Selenosporium equiseti Corda; Selenosporium hippocastani Corda; Selenosporium sarcochroum Desm; Selenosporium urticearum Corda.; Setofusarium (Nirenberg & Samuels) Crous & Sand.-Den.; Setofusarium setosum (Samuels & Nirenberg) Sand.-Den. & Crous.; Sphaeria sanguinea var. cicatricum Berk.; Sporotrichum poae Peck.; Stylonectria corniculata Gräfenhan, Crous & Sand.-Den.; Stylonectria hetmanica Akulov, Crous & Sand.-Den.; Taxonomy.

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Figures

**Fig. 1**
Timeline summarising important events in the taxonomy and nomenclature of *Fusarium* and related taxa.

**Fig. 2**
Secondary metabolites from *Fusarium* spp. / *Neocosmospora* spp.

**Fig. 3**
Some of the most important mycotoxins from *Fusarium* spp.

**Fig. 4**
Secondary metabolites from fusarioid *Hypocreales*.

**Fig. 5**
Basic morphological features of fusarioid fungi. A. Macroconidial shapes. A1. Slender with no significant curvature. A2. Curved with parallel walls. A3. Unequally curved. A4. Widest at the middle portion. A5. Widest at the apical third, wedge-shaped. A6. Widest at the basal portion. A7. Irregularly clavate and swollen. A8. Elongate, whip-like. A9. Distinctly curved. B. Macroconidial apex. B1. Curved. B2. Long and tapered. B3. Pointed. B4. Blunt. B5. Hooked. B6. Elongated. C. Macroconidial base. C1. Obtuse, non foot-shaped. C2. Papillate, non foot-shaped. C3. Poorly developed, foot-shaped. C4. Well-developed, foot-shaped. C5. Elongate, foot-shaped. D. Aerial phialides and microconidial organization. D1. Monophialide. D2–D5. Polyphialides. D2. Simple polyphialide. D3–D4. Polyphialides with multiple conidiogenous loci. D5. Sympodially proliferating polyphialides. D6, D7. Microconidia forming false heads. D8, D9. Microconidia in chains (D8. Dry chain. D9. Palisade). E. Sporodochial conidiophore and conidiogenous cells. F. Aerial conidiophore bearing mesoconidia. G. Mesoconidia. H. Microconidial shapes. H1. Fusiform. H2. Oval. H3. Obovoid. H4. Reniform. H5. Allantoid. H6. Clavate. H7. Napiform. H8. Pyriform. H9. Limoniform.

**Fig. 6**
Flow diagram summarising recommended methods for the preservation, identification, and characterisation of fusarioid fungi.

**Fig. 7**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined ITS, LSU, *rpb1*, *rpb2* and *tef1* multiple sequence alignment of members of *Nectriaceae*. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP / gCF) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / gCF = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Nectria cinnabarina* (CBS 125165). Arrows “F1”, “F2” and “F3” indicate the three alternative *Fusarium* hypotheses *sensu*Geiser *et al.* (2013). Ex-epitype, ex-isotype, ex-neotype and ex-type strains are indicated with ET, IT, NT, and T, respectively.

**Fig. 8**
Morphological features and phylogenetic affinities of fusarioid genera of *Nectriaceae* and close relatives. The tree was delineated based on the phylogeny presented in Fig. 7 and does not indicate phylogenetic distances. Fully supported branches are indicated in **bold**. The genus *Fusarium* is indicated in blue. Arrows “F1”, “F2” and “F3” indicate the three alternative *Fusarium* hypotheses *sensu*Geiser *et al.* (2013). *Fusarium*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiogenous cells. H–J. Macroconidia. (B. Adapted from Schroers *et al.* 2011). *Cyanonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F. Conidiogenous cells. G. Macroconidia. *Neocosmospora*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiogenous cells. H, I. Macroconidia. [A. Adapted from Sandoval-Denis & Crous (2018). G. Adapted from Sandoval-Denis *et al.* (2019)]. *Albonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Macroconidia. *Setofusarium*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F–H. Setae formed on sporodochia. I. Conidiophore. J. Conidia. *Geejayessia*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H, I. Macroconidia. [A. Adapted from Schroers *et al.* (2011)]. *Nothofusarium*. A–D. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. *Luteonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–D. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Conidia. *Rectifusarium*. A–D. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E, F. Conidia. *Bisifusarium*. A–D. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. E, F. Conidia. *Mariannaea*. A, B. Conidiophores. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. *Tumenectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. D, E. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. [A–C. Adapted from Salgado-Salazar *et al.* (2016)]. *Rugonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Conidia. *Thelonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C, D. Ascospores. E, F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. *Corinectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Conidia. (H. Picture by C. González). *Neonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C, D. Ascospores. E, F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. G, H. Conidia. [A. Adapted from Chaverri *et al.* (2011)]. *Ilyonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C, D. Ascospores. E, F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. G, H. Conidia. *Atractium*. A, B. Conidiophores. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E, F. Conidia. *Fusicolla*. A, B. Ascomata. C. Ascospores. D, E. Conidiogenous cells. F, G. Conidia. (A–C. Pictures by C. Lechat). *Scolecofusarium*. A. Ascomata. B, C. Ascospores. D, E. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. F. Conidia. *Microcera*. A. Ascomata. B. Ascospores. C, D. Conidiogenous cells. E, F. Conidia. (A, B. Pictures by N. Aplin, Fungi of Great Britain and Ireland). *Macroconia*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H, I. Conidia. (B. Picture by P. Mlčoch). *Pseudofusicolla*. A, B. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. C, D. Conidia. [A–D. Adapted from Triest *et al.* (2016)]. *Cosmospora*. A, B. Ascomata. C, D. Ascospores. E, F. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. G. Conidia. *Dialonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Conidia. (A. Picture by P. Mlčoch). *Cosmosporella*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F, G. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H, I. Conidia. (A–E. Pictures by P. Mlčoch). *Stylonectria*. A, B. Ascomata. C–E. Ascospores. F–I. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. J. Conidia. (A–C, E. Pictures by B. Wergen).

**Fig. 9**
Characters for morphological identification of fusarioid genera in *Nectriaceae*. The rings show, from inside to outside: conidial morphology; ascospore morphology, septation and surface; colour reaction of ascomata in 3 % KOH/lactic acid (nr = no reaction); ascomata wall thickness; and general colour, appearance and wall surface of ascomata.

**Fig. 10**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *rpb1*, *rpb2* and *tef1* sequence alignment of the living type strains as indicated in the nomenclator list. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Atractium stilbaster* (CBS 410.67). Names indicated in **bold** are in current use. Subdivision of the *Fusarium* clade (blue block) represent the recognised species complexes.

**Fig. 11**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *CaM*, *rpb1*, *rpb2*, *tef1*, and *tub2* sequence alignment of members of the *Fusarium fujikuroi* species complex. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). Novel taxa are indicated in **bold**. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Fusarium curvatum* CBS 744.97 and *Fusarium inflexum* CBS 716.74. Ex-epitype, ex-neotype and ex-type strains are indicated with ET, NT, and T, respectively.

**Fig. 12**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *acl1*, ITS, LSU, *rpb2*, *tef1*, and *tub2* sequence alignment of members of the genus *Fusicolla*. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). Novel taxa are indicated in **bold**. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Macroconia leptosphaeriae* CBS 100001. Ex-epitype and ex-type strains are indicated with ET, and T, respectively.

**Fig. 13**
Maximum-Likelihood (ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *acl1*, *CaM*, ITS, LSU, *rpb1*, *rpb2*, and *tub2* sequence alignment of members of the genus *Macroconia*. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP / gCF) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). Novel taxa are indicated in **bold**. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Microcera rubra* CBS 638.76. Ex-type and ex-isotype strains are indicated with T, and IT, respectively.

**Fig. 14**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *acl1*, *CaM*, ITS, LSU, *rpb1*, *rpb2*, and *tef1* sequence alignment of members of the genus *Neocosmospora*. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / I-PP) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). Novel taxa are indicated in **bold**. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Geejayessia atrofusca* NRRL 22316 and *G. cicatricum* CBS 125552. Ex-epitype, ex-neotype, ex-paratype and ex-type strains are indicated with ET, NT, PT, and T, respectively.

**Fig. 15**
Maximum-Likelihood (IQ-TREE-ML) consensus tree inferred from the combined *acl1*, ITS, and *rpb2* sequence alignment of members of the genus *Stylonectria*. Numbers at the branches indicate support values (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS / BI-PP) above 70 % / 0.95 with thickened branches indicating full support (RAxML-BS / UFboot2-BS = 100 %; BI-PP = 1). Novel taxa are indicated in **bold**. The scale bar indicates expected changes per site. The tree is rooted to *Macroconia leptosphaeriae* CBS 100001. Ex-epitype and ex-type strains are indicated with ET and T, respectively.

**Fig. 16**
*Albonectria* spp. **A–C.** Ascomata on natural substrate. D. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **E–K.** Asci and ascospores (J, K. Surface view). **L–P.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **Q, R.** Microconidia. S. Macroconidia. A, C–F, H–J. *Albonectria rigidiuscula* (BPI 553050). B, G, K. *Albonectria rigidiuscula* (BPI 1104484). L, M, P–S. *Albonectria rigidiuscula* (CBS 122570). N, O. *Albonectria rigidiuscula* (CBS 133.25). Scale bars: A–C = 100 μm; all others = 10 μm (G applies to H–K).

**Fig. 17**
*Atractium* spp. **A, B.** Synnemata. **C–G.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Microconidia. I. Macroconidia. A–D, H. *Atractium stilbaster* (CBS 410.67). E–G, I. *Atractium crassum* (CBS 180.31). Scale bars: A = 100 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 18**
*Bisifusarium* spp. **A–D, F–J.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **K, L.** Microconidia. **E, M.** Macroconidia. A–E. *Bisifusarium dimerum* (CBS 108944). F–M. *Bisifusarium delphinoides* (CBS 120718). Scale bars: H, J = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 19**
*Cosmosporella* spp. **A–D.** Ascomata on natural substrate. E. Surface view of perithecial wall. F. Asci. **G–J.** Ascospores. **K, L.** Conidiophores. M. Microconidia. **N, O.** Macroconidia. A–J. “*Cosmospora” flavoviridis* (photos P. Mlčoch). K–N. “*Cosmospora” flavoviridis* (CBS 124353). O. *Cosmosporella cavisperma* (CBS 172.31). Scale bars: A–D = 300 μm; E = 50 μm; G–J = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 20**
*Cyanonectria* spp. **A–C.** Ascomata on natural substrate. D. Longitudinal section through perithecium in Shears. E. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **F, G.** Asci. **H–K.** Ascospores (K. Surface view). **L–O.** Conidiogenous cells. P. Macroconidia. A–C, E–J. *Cyanonectria buxi* (CBS H-20380). D, K. *Cyanonectria buxi* (CBS H-20379). L–N. *Cyanonectria buxi* (CBS 130.97). O, P. *Cyanonectria buxi* (CBS 125551). [A, D, L. adapted from Schroers *et al.* (2011).] Scale bars: A–D = 100 μm; H–K = 5 μm (H applies to I and J); all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 21**
*Dialonectria* spp. **A–D.** Ascomata on natural substrate. E. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **F–H.** Asci. **I–M.** Ascospores (L, M. Surface view). **N, O.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. P. Macroconidia. A, B. *Dialonectria episphaeria* (photos P. Mlčoch). C, D, F, M. *Dialonectria episphaeria* (CBS H-19716). E, G, K. *Dialonectria sanguinea* (CBS H-2127). H–J, L. *Dialonectria episphaeria* (CBS H-2662). N–P. *Dialonectria episphaeria* (CBS 125494). Scale bars: A–D = 100 μm; I, L, M = 5 μm (I applies to J and K); all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 22**
*Fusarium* spp. **A–D.** Ascomata on natural substrate. E. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **F–H.** Asci. **I–M.** Ascospores (M. Surface view). **N–P.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **Q–T.** Microconidia. **U–A2.** Macroconidia. A. *Fusarium graminearum* (photo P. Cannon). B, C, F. *Fusarium sambucinum* [adapted from Wergen (2018)]. D. *Fusarium* sp. (HPC 2244). E. *Fusarium cf*. *tricinctum* (CBS H-12819). G, I. *Fusarium lateritium* (photo P. Cannon). H, K. *Fusarium equiseti* (CBS H-12817). J. *Fusarium sambucinum* (BPI 632307). L, M. *Fusarium sambucinum* (CBS H-12818). N. *Fusarium avenaceum* (CPC 30660). O, Q. *Fusarium fredkrugerii* (CBS 144209). P, W. *Fusarium prieskaense* (CBS 146498). R. *Fusarium madaense* (CBS 146669). S. *Fusarium globosum* (CBS 428.97). T. *Fusarium echinatum* (CBS 146497). U. *Fusarium avenaceum* (CBS 408.86). V. *Fusarium caeruleum* (CBS 146590). X. *Fusarium longicaudatum* [CBS 123.73, adapted from Xia *et al.* (2019)]. Y. *Fusarium transvaalense* [CBS 144211, adapted from Sandoval-Denis *et al.* (2018b)]. Z. *Fusarium gamsii* (CBS 143610). A1. *Fusarium oxysporum* [CBS 144134, adapted from Lombard et al., 2019b, Lombard et al., 2019a]. A2. *Fusarium convolutans* [CBS 144207, adapted from Sandoval-Denis *et al.* (2018b)]. Scale bars: A–D = 100 μm; I–M, Q–T = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 23**
*Fusarium echinatum* (CBS 146497). **A–D.** Aerial conidiophores. **E–G.** Conidiogenous cells on aerial conidiophores. **H, I.** Microconidia. J. Sporodochia formed on the surface of carnation leaves. K. Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. L. Macroconidia. Scale bars: A = 20 μm; J = 100 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 24**
*Fusarium prieskaense* (CBS 146498). **A–D.** Aerial conidiophores. **E–G.** Conidiogenous cells on aerial conidiophores. H. Microconidia. I. Sporodochia formed on the surface of carnation leaves. **J–L.** Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. M. Macroconidia. Scale bars: A, B = 20 μm; I = 100 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 25**
*Fusicolla* spp. A. Slimy macroscopic growth on natural substrate. **B–E.** Ascomata on natural substrate. F. Ostiolar hairs. G. Asci. H. Ascospores. **I–K.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **L–N.** Macroconidia. A. *Fusicolla merismoides* (photo J. Cunningham). B. *Fusicolla melogrammae* [CLL 16006, adapted from Crous *et al.* (2016)]. C–H. *Fusicolla ossicola* (photos N. Aplin and P. Cannon). I. *Fusicolla merismoides* (photo P. Cannon). J, K, M. *Fusicolla aquaeductuum* (CBS 734.79). L. *Fusicolla violacea* (CPC 38810). N. *Fusicolla matuoi* (CBS 581.78). Scale bars: B–E = 100 μm; F, H. 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 26**
*Fusicolla quarantenae* (URM 8367). A. Host. **B–G.** Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. H. Macroconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

**Fig. 27**
*Fusicolla meniscoidea* (CBS 110189). **A–D.** Conidiophores. **E–H.** Conidiogenous cells. I. Macroconidia. Scale bars: A–D, G–I = 10 μm; E, F = 5 μm.

**Fig. 28**
*Fusicolla sporellula* (CBS 110191). **A–C.** Conidiophores. **D–F.** Conidiogenous cells. G. Macroconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

**Fig. 29**
*Geejayessia* spp. **A–E.** Ascomata on natural substrate. F. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **G–I.** Asci. **J–M.** Ascospores. **N, O.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **P, Q.** Macroconidia. A, C. *Geejayessia cicatricum* [CBS H-20375, adapted from Schroers *et al.* (2011)]. C. *Geejayessia cicatricum* (CBS H-20374). D, H, K, M. *Geejayessia atrofusca* (CBS H-20381). E–G, I, J, L. *Geejayessia desmazieri* (CBS H-20372). N, O, Q. *Geejayessia atrofusca* (CBS 502.94). P. *Geejayessia cicatricum* (CBS 125549). Scale bars: A = 500 μm; B, D, E = 200 μm; C = 100 μm; J–M = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 30**
*Luteonectria albida*. **A–C.** Ascomata on natural substrate. D. Surface view of perithecial wall in lactic acid. E. Detail of ascomata hair. F. Asci. **G–J.** Ascospores (J. Surface view). **K, L.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. M. Macroconidia. A, C. BPI 550103. B. BPI 1108874. D–J. BPI 1108875. K–M. CBS 102683. Scale bars: A, B = 100 μm; C = 50 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 31**
*Macroconia* spp. **A–D.** Ascomata on natural substrate. E. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. F. Asci. **G–J.** Ascospores (J. Surface view). **K–M.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. N. Microconidia. **O, P.** Macroconidia. A. *Macroconia cupularis* [HMAS 97514, adapted from Luo & Zhuang (2008)]. B, C. *Macroconia leptosphaeriae* (photo P. Mlčoch). D. *Macroconia gigas* [HMAS 99592, adapted from Luo & Zhuang (2008)]. E–J. *Macroconia leptosphaeriae* (CBS H-15051). K, L. *Macroconia phlogioides* (CBS 125496). M, N. *Macroconia leptosphaeriae* (CBS 10001). O. *Macroconia phlogioides* (CBS 146500). P. *Macroconia bulbipes* (CBS 146679). Scale bars: A–D = 100 μm; G–J = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 32**
*Macroconia bulbipes* (CBS 146679). **A–D.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **E, F.** Sporodochia formed on the agar surface. **G, H.** Detail of macroconidia basal cells. I. Macroconidia. Scale bars: E, F = 100 μm; G, H = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 33**
*Macroconia phlogioides* (CBS 146501). **A–C.** Conidiophores. **D, E.** Conidiogenous cells. **F, G.** Sporodochia formed on the agar surface. H. Macroconidia. Scale bars: B, C = 20 μm; F, G = 50 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 34**
*Microcera* spp. **A–C.** Ascomata on natural substrate. D. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **E, F.** Asci. **G–K.** Ascospores (J, K. Surface view). **L–N.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **O–Q.** Macroconidia. A. *Microcera auranticola* (photo N. Aplin). B, O. *Microcera coccophila* [adapted from Gräfenhan *et al.* (2011)]. C. *Microcera larvarum* [adapted from Gräfenhan *et al.* (2011)]. D, F–J. *Microcera coccophila* (K(M) 165807). E, K. *Microcera larvarum* (photo P. Cannon). L, M, Q. *Microcera rubra* (CBS 638.76). N, P. *Microcera larvarum* (CBS 169.30). Scale bars: A, B = 100 μm; G–K = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 35**
*Neocosmospora* spp. **A–E.** Ascomata on culture. F. Surface view of perithecial wall in 2 % KOH. **G–I.** Asci. **J–Q.** Ascospores (K, M, O, Q. Surface view). **R–U.** Aerial conidiophores. V. Sporodochial conidiophores. **W, X.** Microconidia. **Y–A5.** Macroconidia. A, I, N, O. *Neocosmospora vasinfecta* (CBS 446.93). B. *Neocosmospora* sp. (CPC 34617). C, S, W, A1. *Neocosmospora elegans* (CBS 144396). D. *Neocosmospora vasinfecta* (CBS 863.70). E. *Neocosmospora bataticola* (CBS 144398). F, L, M. *Neocosmospora ipomoeae* (CBS 833.97). G. *Neocosmospora robiniae* (CBS 119601). H, J, K. *Neocosmospora diminuta* (CBS 144390). O, Q. *Neocosmospora spinulosa* (CBS H-5443). R, V, A3. *Neocosmospora solani* (CBS 140079). T. *Neocosmospora bataticola* (CBS 144398). U. *Neocosmospora suttoniana* (CBS 143214). X. *Neocosmospora tonkinensis* (CBS 115.40). Y. *Neocosmospora longissima* (CBS 126407). Z. *Neocosmospora mori* (CBS 145467). A2. *Neocosmospora pseudoradicicola* (CBS 145472). A4. *Neocosmospora keratoplastica* (CBS 490.63). A5. *Neocosmospora oligoseptata* (CBS 143241). [A, C, S, T, W, Y, Z, A1, A2. Adapted from adapted from Sandoval-Denis *et al.* (2019). R, V, A3, Adapted from Crous *et al.* (2019a). U, X, A4. Adapted from Sandoval-Denis & Crous (2018)]. Scale bars: A, B = 200 μm; C–E 100 μm; R–T = 20 μm; J–Q, W, X = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 36**
*Neocosmospora epipeda* (CBS 146524). **A–C.** Aerial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. D. Microconidia. **E, F.** Sporodochia formed on the surface of carnation leaves. G. Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. H. Macroconidia. Scale bars: A–C = 20 μm; E, F = 200 μm; D, G, H = 10 μm.

**Fig. 37**
*Neocosmospora merkxiana* (CBS 146525). **A–E.** Aerial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. F. Sporodochium on aerial mycelium. **G, H.** Chlamydospores. **I, J.** Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. K. Microconidia. L. Aerial macroconidia. M. Sporodochial macroconidia. Scale bars: A, E = 100 μm; C = 20 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 38**
*Neocosmospora neerlandica* (CBS 232.34). **A–C.** Conidiophores. D. Microconidia. **E, F.** Chlamydospores. G. Macroconidia. Scale bars: F = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 39**
*Neocosmospora nelsonii* (CBS 309.75). **A–D.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **E, F.** Chlamydospores. G. Microconidia. H. Sporodochium. **I, J.** Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. K. Macroconidia. Scale bars: E, F = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 40**
*Neocosmospora pseudopisi* (CBS 266.50). **A–C.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. D. Microconidia. E. Sporodochia formed on aerial hyphae. F. Macroconidia and chlamydospores. G. Macroconidia. Scale bars: C = 20 μm; E = 100 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 41**
*Nothofusarium devonianum* (CBS 147304). **A–F.** Aerial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **G–I.** Sporodochia formed on the surface of carnation leaves. **J–O.** Sporodochial conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **P, Q.** Chlamydospores. R. Macroconidia. Scale bars: B, D = 20 μm; G, H = 200 μm; O, P = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 42**
*Pseudofusicolla belgica*. **A, B.** Conidiophores. **C–G.** Conidiogenous cells. H. Microconidia. I. Chlamydospores. J. Macroconidia. A, B, D–J. IHEM 2413. C. IHEM 5322. Scale bars: A = 20 μm; F, G = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 43**
*Rectifusarium* spp. **A–F.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. G. Microconidia. H. Macroconidia. A–D, H. *Rectifusarium robinianum* (CBS 430.91). E–G. *Rectifusarium ventricosum* (CBS 748.79). Scale bars = 10 μm.

**Fig. 44**
*Scolecofusarium ciliatum*. **A, B.** Ascomata on natural substrate. **C, D.** Asci. **E–G.** Ascospores (G. Surface view). H. Pionnote on agar surface. I. Sporodochium. **J–L.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. M. Macroconidia. A–H, J–L. CBS 146674. I. CBS 146676. M. CBS 144385. Scale bars: A, B = 100 μm; E–G = 5 μm; H = 1 mm; I = 20 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 45**
*Setofusarium setosum*. **A–C.** Ascomata on natural substrate. D. Surface view of perithecial wall in lactic acid. E. Ascus. **F–H.** Ascospores (H. Surface view). **I, J.** Setose sporodochia. **K–M.** Setae. **N–P.** Detail of setae (N. Base. O. Middle portion wall. P. Surface view of apical wall). Q. Conidiophore. R. Macroconidia. A–H. BPI 882043. I–R. CBS 635.92. Scale bars: A–C, I, Q = 100 μm; J–L = 20 μm; H, P = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 46**
*Stylonectria* spp. **A–D.** Ascomata on natural substrate. E. Ascomata on culture. F. Surface view of perithecial wall in lactic acid. **G, H.** Asci. **I–K.** Ascospores. **L–M.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. **O, P.** Microconidia. **Q, R.** Macroconidia. A, G. *Stylonectria qilianshanensis* [HMAS 255803, adapted from Zeng *et al.* (2020)]. B. *Stylonectria norvegica* [CLL14047, adapted from Lechat *et al.* (2015)]. C. *Stylonectria purtonii* (photo P. Mlčoch). D, I, K. *Stylonectria wegeliana* (photo B. Bergen). E, F, Q. *Stylonectria hetmanica* (CBS 147306). H, J, O. *Stylonectria* sp. (HPC 2668). L, M. *Stylonectria corniculata* (CBS 125491). N, P, R. *Stylonectria applanata* (CBS 125489). Scale bars: A–E = 100 μm; I–K = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. 47**
*Stylonectria corniculata* (CBS 125491). **A–E.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. F. Microconidia. G. Macroconidia. Scale bars = 10 μm.

**Fig. 48**
*Stylonectria hetmanica* (CBS 147305). **A–C.** Ascomata (A. On natural substrate. B, C. In culture). D. Surface view of perithecial wall in lactic acid. **E–G.** Ascospores (G. Surface view). **H–K.** Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. L. Macroconidia. Scale bars: A–C = 100 μm; E–I = 5 μm; all others = 10 μm.

**Fig. S**
3Phylogenetic reconstruction from a re-analysis of the dataset presented by Geiser *et al.* (2021) based on Minimum Evolution, with values on the branches representing support in Minimum Evolution, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian Inference, respectively. An X represents a conflicting topology in the particular analysis, while a – (dash) sign means lack of support for the presented or an alternate topology. The scale bar represents the amount of substitution per site. ARSEF: Collection of entomopathogenic fungal cultures, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ithaca, NY, USA. NRRL: ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA, Peoria, IL, USA. IBT: Culture Collection of Fungi, BioCentrum, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby Denmark.

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References

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Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

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Fusarium: more than a node or a foot-shaped basal cell

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