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. 2021 Nov;7(6):2362-2373.
doi: 10.1002/vms3.623. Epub 2021 Sep 1.

Effect of aromatase inhibitors on sex differentiation and embryonic development in chicks

Salwan M Abdulateef  1 , Ahmad A Majid  1 , Mohammed A Al-Bayer  1 , Srwd S Shawkat  2 , Ahmad Tatar  3 , Thafer T Mohammed  1 , Firas M Abdulateef  4 , Mohammed Q Al-Ani  5
Affiliations

Effect of aromatase inhibitors on sex differentiation and embryonic development in chicks

Salwan M Abdulateef et al. Vet Med Sci. 2021 Nov.

Abstract

Background: Sexual differentiation can occur after exposure to aromatase into the left gonad at 6.5 days of incubation. Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo exposure to the aromatase inhibitor from tomato and garlic extract on sexual differentiation and embryonic development in chicken embryos.

Methods: Three hundred eggs divided into five groups: Control 1 (CO; no injection); control 2 distilled water, DW; 0.1 ml/egg); garlic extract (GAR; 0.1 mg/egg); tomato extract (TOM; 0.1 mg/egg); and garlic and tomato extract mixed (ATM, 0.1 ml/egg). The solution was prepared and injected into the albumin from the thin end of the eggs on day five by using a 1 ml syringe with a 23-gauge needle. The embryonic test (embryo/egg weight) conducted at 7, 14 and 17 days of incubation. After hatching, feather sexing conducted to determine the initial male. Chicks sex was later confirmed on day 42 by an optical microscope lens.

Results: The results revealed that there was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in embryonic growth traits in all experimental treatments as compared to control treatments. There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the percentage of hatchability for all experimental treatments compared to control treatments and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in chick quality including one-day-old chick length and body weight. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the male-to-female ratio compared to control treatments.

Conclusions: The effect of in ovo exposure to aromatase inhibitors stimulated female-to-male sex reversal and improved embryonic development.

Keywords: aromatase; chicks; embryo; in ovo; sex differentiation.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
The effect of in ovo exposure to aromatase inhibitors on the number of male and female of broiler chickens. *SEM: 0.730 to male and 0.730 to female. *Mean: 5.69 to male and 2.17 to female. a and b: mean in the same rows with different superscripts differ significantly at probability value 0.01 and 0.05. *Control 1: no injection (CO); control 2: distilled water (DW, 0.1 ml/egg); garlic extract (GAR, 0.1 mg/egg); tomato extract (TOM, 0.1 mg/egg); and garlic and tomato mixed extract (ATM, 0.1 ml/egg). *Injected into the eggs in 5‐day incubation
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The effect of in ovo exposure to aromatase inhibitors on the percentage of female to male of broiler chickens. † SEM: 9.12 to male and 9.12 to female. ‡ Mean: 70.0 to male and 30.0 to female. a and b: mean in the same rows with different superscripts differ significantly at probability value 0.01 and 0.05. *Control 1: no injection (CO); control 2: distilled water (DW, 0.1 ml/egg); garlic extract (GAR, 0.1 mg/egg); tomato extract (TOM, 0.1 mg/egg); and garlic and tomato mixed extract (ATM, 0.1 ml/egg). * Injected into the eggs in 5‐day incubation
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