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. 2022 Apr 7;59(4):2100769.
doi: 10.1183/13993003.00769-2021. Print 2022 Apr.

The effect of immunosuppressants on the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Daniel Ward  1   2 , Sanne Gørtz  3 , Martin Thomson Ernst  4 , Nynne Nyboe Andersen  5 , Susanne K Kjær  6 , Jesper Hallas  7 , Steffen Christensen  8 , Christian Fynbo Christiansen  9 , Simone Bastrup Israelsen  10 , Thomas Benfield  10 , Anton Pottegård  11 , Tine Jess  3   2
Affiliations

The effect of immunosuppressants on the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Daniel Ward et al. Eur Respir J. .

Abstract

Background: Immunosuppression may worsen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We conducted a nationwide cohort study of the effect of exposure to immunosuppressants on the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Denmark.

Methods: We identified all SARS-CoV-2 test-positive patients from February 2020 to October 2020 and linked healthcare data from nationwide registers, including prescriptions for the exposure (immunosuppressant drugs). We estimated relative risks of hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death (each studied independently up to 30 days from testing) with a log-linear binomial regression adjusted for confounders using a propensity score-based matching weights model.

Results: A composite immunosuppressant exposure was associated with a significantly increased risk of death (adjusted relative risk 1.56 (95% CI 1.10-2.22)). The increased risk of death was mainly driven by exposure to systemic glucocorticoids (adjusted relative risk 2.38 (95% CI 1.72-3.30)), which were also associated with an increased risk of hospital admission (adjusted relative risk 1.34 (95% CI 1.10-1.62)), but not of ICU admission (adjusted relative risk 1.76 (95% CI 0.93-3.35)); these risks were greater for high cumulative doses of glucocorticoids than for moderate doses. Exposure to selective immunosuppressants, tumour necrosis factor inhibitors or interleukin inhibitors was not associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission or death, nor was exposure to calcineurin inhibitors, other immunosuppressants, hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.

Conclusions: Exposure to glucocorticoids was associated with increased risks of hospital admission and death. Further investigation is needed to determine the optimal management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with pre-morbid glucocorticoid usage, specifically whether these patients require altered doses of glucocorticoids.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: D. Ward has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Gørtz has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: M. Thomsen Ernst has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: N.N. Andersen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S.K. Kjær has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J. Hallas has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Christensen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: C. Fynbo Christiansen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Bastrup Israelsen has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: T. Benfield reports unrestricted grants to his institution from Novo Nordisk Foundation, Simonsen Foundation, Lundbeck Foundation, Kai Foundation, Erik and Susanna Olesen's Charitable Fund, GSK, Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, MSD; grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Novartis, Kancera AB; advisory board membership at GSK, Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, MSD, Pentabase; consulting fees from GSK, Pfizer; lecture fees from GSK, Pfizer, Gilead Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim, AbbVie; and donation of trial medication (baricitinib) from Eli Lilly. Conflict of interest: A. Pottegård reports funds paid to his institution from Alcon, Almirall, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Nordisk, Servier and LEO Pharma, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: T. Jess reports a COVID research grant from the Lundbeck Foundation.

Comment in

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