Terminal Structure of Triethylene Glycol-Tethered Chains on β-Cyclodextrin-Threaded Polyrotaxanes Dominates Temperature Responsivity and Biointeractions

Abstract

Pharmacological and biomedical applications of cyclodextrin (CD)-threaded polyrotaxanes (PRXs) have gained increasing attention. We had previously investigated the therapeutic effects of oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-modified β-CD PRXs in congenital metabolic disorders. Although the chemical modification of PRXs is crucial for these applications, the influences of the chemical structure of OEG modified on PRXs were not completely understood. The current study focuses on the terminal group structures of triethylene glycol (TEG)-tethered chains, wherein three series of TEG-tethered PRXs (TEG-PRXs) with various TEG terminal group structures (hydroxy, methoxy, and ethoxy) were synthesized to investigate their physicochemical properties and biointeractions. The methoxy and ethoxy-terminated TEG-PRXs exhibited temperature-dependent phase transitions in phosphate buffer saline and formed coacervate droplets above their cloud points. A comprehensive analysis revealed that the hydrophobicity of the terminal group structures of the TEG-tethered chains played a dominant role in exhibiting temperature-dependent phase transition. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the terminal group structures of TEG-tethered chains on PRXs also affected the interactions with lipids and proteins, with the hydrophobic ethoxy-terminated TEG-tethered chains showing the highest interactions. However, in normal human skin fibroblasts, the moderately hydrophobic methoxy-terminated TEG-modified PRXs showed the highest intracellular uptake levels. As a result, we concluded that methoxy-terminated TEG is a suitable chemical modification for the biomedical applications of PRXs due to the negligible temperature responsivity around physiological temperature and significant intracellular uptake levels. The findings of this study shall contribute significantly to the rational design of PRXs and CD-based materials for future pharmacological and biomedical applications.