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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Sep 8;9(9):CD009437.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009437.pub3.

Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Charlotte C Poot  1 , Eline Meijer  1 , Annemarije L Kruis  1 , Nynke Smidt  2 , Niels H Chavannes  1 , Persijn J Honkoop  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Charlotte C Poot et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show considerable variation in symptoms, limitations, and well-being; this often complicates medical care. A multi-disciplinary and multi-component programme that addresses different elements of care could improve quality of life (QoL) and exercise tolerance, while reducing the number of exacerbations.

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of integrated disease management (IDM) programmes versus usual care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in terms of health-related quality of life (QoL), exercise tolerance, and exacerbation-related outcomes.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Airways Group Register of Trials, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL for potentially eligible studies. Searches were current as of September 2020.

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared IDM programmes for COPD versus usual care were included. Interventions consisted of multi-disciplinary (two or more healthcare providers) and multi-treatment (two or more components) IDM programmes of at least three months' duration.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. If required, we contacted study authors to request additional data. We performed meta-analyses using random-effects modelling. We carried out sensitivity analyses for the quality of included studies and performed subgroup analyses based on setting, study design, dominant intervention components, and region.

Main results: Along with 26 studies included in the 2013 Cochrane Review, we added 26 studies for this update, resulting in 52 studies involving 21,086 participants for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Follow-up periods ranged between 3 and 48 months and were classified as short-term (up to 6 months), medium-term (6 to 15 months), and long-term (longer than 15 months) follow-up. Studies were conducted in 19 different countries. The mean age of included participants was 67 years, and 66% were male. Participants were treated in all types of healthcare settings, including primary (n =15), secondary (n = 22), and tertiary care (n = 5), and combined primary and secondary care (n = 10). Overall, the level of certainty of evidence was moderate to high. We found that IDM probably improves health-related QoL as measured by St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score at medium-term follow-up (mean difference (MD) -3.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) -6.16 to -1.63; 18 RCTs, 4321 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). A comparable effect was observed at short-term follow-up (MD -3.78, 95% CI -6.29 to -1.28; 16 RCTs, 1788 participants). However, the common effect did not exceed the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) of 4 points. There was no significant difference between IDM and control for long-term follow-up and for generic QoL. IDM probably also leads to a large improvement in maximum and functional exercise capacity, as measured by six-minute walking distance (6MWD), at medium-term follow-up (MD 44.69, 95% CI 24.01 to 65.37; 13 studies, 2071 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The effect exceeded the MCID of 35 metres and was even greater at short-term (MD 52.26, 95% CI 32.39 to 72.74; 17 RCTs, 1390 participants) and long-term (MD 48.83, 95% CI 16.37 to 80.49; 6 RCTs, 7288 participants) follow-up. The number of participants with respiratory-related admissions was reduced from 324 per 1000 participants in the control group to 235 per 1000 participants in the IDM group (odds ratio (OR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.81; 15 RCTs, median follow-up 12 months, 4207 participants; high-certainty evidence). Likewise, IDM probably results in a reduction in emergency department (ED) visits (OR 0.69, 95%CI 0.50 to 0.93; 9 RCTs, median follow-up 12 months, 8791 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), a slight reduction in all-cause hospital admissions (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.57 to 0.98; 10 RCTs, median follow-up 12 months, 9030 participants; moderate-certainty evidence), and fewer hospital days per person admitted (MD -2.27, 95% CI -3.98 to -0.56; 14 RCTs, median follow-up 12 months, 3563 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Statistically significant improvement was noted on the Medical Research Council (MRC) Dyspnoea Scale at short- and medium-term follow-up but not at long-term follow-up. No differences between groups were reported for mortality, courses of antibiotics/prednisolone, dyspnoea, and depression and anxiety scores. Subgroup analysis of dominant intervention components and regions of study suggested context- and intervention-specific effects. However, some subgroup analyses were marked by considerable heterogeneity or included few studies. These results should therefore be interpreted with caution.

Authors' conclusions: This review shows that IDM probably results in improvement in disease-specific QoL, exercise capacity, hospital admissions, and hospital days per person. Future research should evaluate which combination of IDM components and which intervention duration are most effective for IDM programmes, and should consider contextual determinants of implementation and treatment effect, including process-related outcomes, long-term follow-up, and cost-effectiveness analyses.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02036294 NCT01241526 NCT01984840 NCT01648621 NCT01543217 NCT02618746 NCT04256070 NCT03183817 NCT02034045 NCT03007485 NCT04136418 NCT04416295 NCT04533412.

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Conflict of interest statement

NC is a senior researcher in the field of integrated disease management programmes who is involved in several initiatives promoting education, developing software applications, and providing e‐health solutions, which may be considered as a potential conflict of interest.

CP: none known.

EM: none known.

AK: was a PhD student on the RECODE trial, which investigates the effectiveness of integrated care for primary care COPD patients in a cluster‐randomised controlled trial in primary care. The Leiden University Medical Centre received a grant from ZonMW (Dutch governmental agency) and additional financial support from Achmea (Dutch Healthcare Insurer) for the RECODE trial. In the future, our RCT will be included in the Cochrane Review.

NS: none known.

PH: has received payment from E‐wise for development of a continuous medical education programme for general practitioners and pharmacists on severe asthma. E‐wise does not provide any type of disease management programme.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgments about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Integrated disease management versus control, update, outcome: 1.34 SGRQ total score.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Integrated disease management versus control, update, outcome: 1.13 Functional exercise capacity: 6MWD.
5
5
In the usual care group, 32 out of 100 people had a respiratory‐related hospital admission over a period of 3 to 36 months, compared to 23 (95% CI 19 to 28) out of 100 people in the integrated disease management group.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Integrated disease management versus control, update, outcome: 1.24 Hospital days per patient (all causes).
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 1: SGRQ: short‐term (≤ 6 months)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 2: SGRQ: medium‐term (> 6 to 15 months)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 3: SGRQ: long‐term (> 15 months)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 4: Subgroup analysis SGRQ (total score, medium‐term) based on type of setting
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 5: Subgroup analysis SGRQ (total score, medium‐term) based on study design
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 6: Subgroup analysis SGRQ (total score, medium‐term) based on dominant component of intervention
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 7: Subgroup analysis SGRQ (total score, medium‐term) based on region
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 8: CRQ: short‐term (≤ 6 months)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 9: CRQ: medium‐term (> 6 to 15 months)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 10: CRQ: long‐term (> 15 months)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 11: SF‐36
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 12: General health QoL: SIP mean difference
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 13: Functional exercise capacity: 6MWD
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 14: Subgroup analysis 6MWD (medium‐term) based on type of setting
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 15: Subgroup analysis 6MWD (medium‐term) based on dominant component of intervention
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 16: Subgroup analysis 6MWD (medium‐term) based on region
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 17: Maximal exercise capacity: cycle test (W‐max)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 18: Respiratory‐related hospital admissions
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 19: Subgroup analysis respiratory‐related hospital admissions (medium‐term) based on type of setting
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 20: Subgroup analysis respiratory‐related hospital admissions (medium‐term) based on dominant component of intervention
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 21: Subgroup analysis respiratory‐related hospital admissions (medium‐term) based on region
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 22: All hospital admissions
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 23: Hospital days per patient (all causes)
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 24: ED visits
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 25: Number of patients experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbation
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 26: Number of patients using ≥ 1 course of oral steroids
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 27: Number of patients using ≥ 1 course of antibiotics
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 28: MRC dyspnoea score
1.29
1.29. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 29: Borg score
1.30
1.30. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 30: Mortality
1.31
1.31. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 31: FEV₁ (litre)
1.32
1.32. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 32: FEV₁ (% predicted)
1.33
1.33. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 33: Anxiety and depression (HADS)
1.34
1.34. Analysis
Comparison 1: Integrated disease management versus control, update, Outcome 34: SGRQ total score
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

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    1. Trappenburg JC, Monninkhof EM, Bourbeau J, Troosters T, Schrijvers AJ, Verheij TJ, et al. Effect of an action plan with ongoing support by a case manager on exacerbation-related outcome in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66(11):977-84. [PMID: ] - PubMed
van Wetering 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hoogendoorn M, Wetering CR, Schols AM, Rutten-van Molken MP. Is INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based COPD management (INTERCOM) cost-effective? European Respiratory Journal 2010;35(1):79-87. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Wetering CR, Hoogendoorn M, Mol SJ, Rutten-van Molken MP, Schols AM. Short- and long-term efficacy of a community-based COPD management programme in less advanced COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2010;65(1):7-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Vasilopoulou 2017 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Kaltsakas G, Papaioannou AI, Vasilopoulou M, Spetsioti S, Gennimata SA, Palamidas AF, et al. Tele-monitoring intervention on COPD exacerbations. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48(Suppl 60):OA3045.
    1. Vasilopoulou M, Papaioannou AI, Kaltsakas G, Louvaris Z, Chynkiamis N, Spetsiotial S, et al. Home-based maintenance tele-rehabilitation reduces the risk for acute exacerbations of COPD, hospitalisations and emergency department visits. European Respiratory Journal 2017;49(5):1602129. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02129-2016] - DOI - PubMed
Vianello 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Vianello A, Fusello M, Gubian L, Rinaldo C, Dario C, Concas A, et al. Home telemonitoring for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2016;16(1):157. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0321-2] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wakabayashi 2011 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wakabayashi R, Motegi T, Yamada K, Ishii T, Jones RC, Hyland ME, et al. Efficient integrated education for older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire. Geriatrics and Gerontology International 2011;11(4):422-30. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wang 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wang L, He L, Tao Y, Sun L, Zheng H, Zheng Y, et al. Evaluating a web-based coaching program using electronic health records for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in china: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(7):e264. - PMC - PubMed
Wijkstra 1994 {published data only}
    1. Wijkstra PJ, Ten Vergert EM, Altena R, Otten V, Kraan J, Postma DS, et al. Long term benefits of rehabilitation at home on quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1995;50(8):824-8. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wijkstra PJ, Van Altena R, Kraan J, Otten V, Postma DS, Koeter GH. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves after rehabilitation at home. European Respiratory Journal 1994;7(2):269-73. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Wijkstra PJ, Mark TW, Kraan J, Altena R, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Effects of home rehabilitation on physical performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). European Respiratory Journal 1996;9(1):104-10. [PMID: ] - PubMed
    1. Wijkstra PJ, Mark TW, Kraan J, Altena R, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Long-term effects of home rehabilitation on physical performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996;153(4 Pt 1):1234-41. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Wood‐Baker 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wood-Baker R, McGlone S, Venn A, Walters EH. Written action plans in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increase appropriate treatment for acute exacerbations. Respirology 2006;11(5):619-26. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Zhang 2020 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Zhang A, Wang L, Long L, Yan J, Liu C, Zhu S, et al. Effectiveness and economic evaluation of hospital-outreach pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of COPD 2020;15:1071-83. - PMC - PubMed
Zwar 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bunker JM, Reddel HK, Dennis SM, Middleton S, Van Schayck C, Crockett AJ, et al. A pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial of early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse-general practitioner teams: Study Protocol. Implementation Science 2012;7:83. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zwar NA, Bunker JM, Reddel HK, Dennis SM, Middleton S, Schayck OC, et al. Early intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by practice nurse and GP teams: a cluster randomized trial. Family Practice 2016;33(6):663-70. [DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmw077] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ancochea 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ancochea J, Garcia-Rio F, Vazquez-Espinosa E, Hernando-Sanz A, Lopez-Yepes L, Galera-Martinez R, et al. Efficacy and costs of telehealth for the management of COPD: the PROMETE II trial. European Respiratory Journal 2018;51:5. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00354-2018] - DOI - PubMed
Arbillaga‐Etxarri 2018 {published data only}
    1. Arbillaga-Etxarri A, Gimeno-Santos E, Barberan-Garcia A, Balcells E, Benet M, Borrellet E, et al. Long-term efficacy and effectiveness of a behavioural and community-based exercise intervention (Urban Training) to increase physical activity in patients with COPD: a randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2018;52(4):1800063. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00063-2018] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bachmann 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bachmann MO, Bateman ED, Stelmach R, Cruz AA, Pacheco de Andrade M, Zonta R, et al. Integrating primary care of chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Brazil: practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK Brazil): study protocol for randomised controlled trials. Journal of Thoracic Diseases 2018;10(7):4667-77. [DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.34] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bachmann 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bachmann MO, Bateman ED, Stelmach R, Cruz AA, Pacheco de Andrade M, Zonta R, et al. Effects of PACK guide training on the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by primary care clinicians: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in Florianopolis, Brazil. BMJ Global Health 2019;4(6):e001921. - PMC - PubMed
Bal 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bal Ozkaptan B, Kapucu S. Home nursing care with the self-care model improves self-efficacy of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Japan Journal of Nursing Science 2016;13(3):365-77. - PubMed
Balaban 2017 {published data only}
    1. Balaban RB, Zhang F, Vialle-Valentin CE, Galbraith AA, Burns ME, Larochelle MR, et al. Impact of a patient navigator program on hospital-based and outpatient utilization over 180 days in a safety-net health system. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2017;32(9):981-9. - PMC - PubMed
Benzo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Benzo R, Vickers K, Novotny PJ, Tucker S, Hoult J, Neuenfeldt P, et al. Health coaching and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rehospitalization: a randomized study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2016;194(6):672-80. [10.1164/rccm.201512-2503OC] - PMC - PubMed
Benzo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Benzo R, McEvoy C. Effect of health coaching delivered by a respiratory therapist or nurse on self-management abilities in severe COPD: analysis of a large randomized study. Respiratory Care 2019;64(9):1065-1072. - PMC - PubMed
Bischoff 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bischoff EW, Akkermans R, Bourbeau J, Weel C, Vercoulen JH, Schermer TR. Comprehensive self management and routine monitoring in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in general practice: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;345:e7642. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Blumenthal 2014 {published data only}
    1. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Smith PJ, Keefe FJ, Welty-Wolf K, Mabe S, et al. The effects of a telehealth coping skills intervention on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: primary results from the INSPIRE-II study. Psychosomatic Medicine 2014;76(8):581-92. [DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000101] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bringsvor 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bringsvor HB, Langeland E, Oftedal BF, Skaug K, Assmus J, Berit Bentsen S, et al. Effects of a COPD self-management support intervention: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2018;13:3677-88. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S181005] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Budnevskiy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Budnevskiy AV, Chernov AV, Isaeva YV, Kozhevnikova SA. Clinical efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome [Russian]. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 2016;88(8):25-9. [DOI: 10.17116/terarkh201688825-29] - DOI - PubMed
Cameron‐Tucker 2016 {published data only}
    1. Cameron-Tucker HL, Wood-Baker R, Joseph L, Walters JA, Schuz N, Walters EH. A randomized controlled trial of telephone-mentoring with home-based walking preceding rehabilitation in COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2016;11:1991-2000. - PMC - PubMed
Carrieri 2005 {published data only}
    1. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Nguyen HQ, Donesky-Cuenco D, Demir-Deviren S, Neuhaus J, Stulbarg MS. Impact of brief or extended exercise training on the benefit of a dyspnea self-management program in COPD. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 2005;25(5):275-84. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Carron 2017 {published data only}
    1. Carron T, Bridevaux PO, Lorvall K, Parmentier R, Moix JB, Beytrison V, et al. Feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of integrated care for COPD patients: a mixed methods evaluation of a pilot community-based programme. Swiss Medical Weekly 2017;147:w14567. [DOI: 10.4414/smw.2017.14567] - DOI - PubMed
Casas 2006 {published data only}
    1. Casas A, Troosters T, Garcia-Aymerich J, Roca J, Hernandez C, Alonso A, et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. European Respiratory Journal 2006;28(1):123-30. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Collins 2019 {published data only}
    1. Collins EG, Jelinek C, O'Connell S, Butler J, Reda D, Laghi F. The effect of breathing retraining using metronome-based acoustic feedback on exercise endurance in COPD: a randomized trial. Lung 2019;197:181-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00198-4] - DOI - PubMed
Collinsworth 2018 {published data only}
    1. Collinsworth AW, Brown RM, James CS, Stanford RH, Alemayehu D, Priest EL. The impact of patient education and shared decision making on hospital readmissions for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2018;13:1325-32. [10.2147/COPD.S154414] - PMC - PubMed
Coultas 2016 {published data only}
    1. Coultas DB, Jackson BE, Russo R, Peoples J, Sloan J, Singh KP, et al. A lifestyle physical activity intervention for patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2016;13(5):617-26. [DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201508-508OC] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Cox 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cox NS, McDonald CF, Alison JA, Mahal A, Wootton R, Hill CJ, et al. Telerehabilitation versus traditional centre-based pulmonary rehabilitation for people with chronic respiratory disease: protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2018;18(1):71. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-018-0646-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Csikesz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Csikesz N, Nici L. A physician-led intervention to prevent COPD re-admissions. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2016;193(Meeting Abstracts):A3994.
De Godoy 2003 {published data only}
    1. De Godoy DV, De Godoy RF. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of psychotherapy on anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003;84(8):1154-7. - PubMed
Drks 2019 {published data only}
    1. Huber S et al. Impact of a smartphone application (KAIA COPD-App) in combination with Activity Monitoring as maintenance program following pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: an international multi-centered randomised controlled trial. ictrptest.azurewebsites.net/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00017275 (first received 27 June 2019). - PMC - PubMed
Eaton 2009 {published data only}
    1. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W, Moodie L, Zeng I, O'Kane F, et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health-care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology 2009;14(2):230-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Effing 2009 {published data only}
    1. Effing T, Kerstjens H, Valk P, Zielhuis G, Palen J. (Cost)-effectiveness of self-treatment of exacerbations on the severity of exacerbations in patients with COPD: the COPE II study. Thorax 2009;64(11):956-62. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Efraimsson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Efraimsson EO, Hillervik C, Ehrenberg A. Effects of COPD self-care management education at a nurse-led primary health care clinic. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 2008;22(2):178-85. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Elliott 2004 {published data only}
    1. Elliott M, Watson C, Wilkinson E, Musk AW, Lake FR. Short- and long-term hospital and community exercise programmes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2004;9(3):345-51. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Farmer 2017 {published data only}
    1. Farmer A, Williams V, Velardo C, Shah SA, Yu LM, Rutter H, et al. Self-management support using a digital health system compared with usual care for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2017;19(5):e144. - PMC - PubMed
Ferrone 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ferrone M, Masciantonio MG, Malus N, Stitt L, O'Callahan T, Roberts Z, et al. The impact of integrated disease management in high-risk COPD patients in primary care. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine 2019;29(1):8. - PMC - PubMed
Flink 2017 {published data only}
    1. Flink M, Lindblad M, Frykholm O, Kneck A, Nilsen P, Kristofer Årestedtet, et al. The Supporting Patient Activation in Transition to Home (sPATH) intervention: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial using motivational interviewing to decrease re-hospitalisation for patients with COPD or heart failure. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014178. - PMC - PubMed
Folch‐Ayora 2018 {published data only}
    1. Folch-Ayora A, Orts-Cortes MI, Macia-Soler L, Andreu-Guillamon MV, Moncho J. Patient education during hospital admission due to exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effects on quality of life - controlled and randomized experimental study. Patient Educating Counselling 2018;102(3):511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.09.013] - DOI - PubMed
Fu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fu MMM, Lau KM. A self-management programme of rescue pack for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Respirology 2017;22(104):AP048. [DOI: 10.1111/resp.13207_49] - DOI
Garcia 2007 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Aymerich J, Hernandez C, Alonso A, Casas A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Anto JM, et al. Effects of an integrated care intervention on risk factors of COPD readmission. Respiratory Medicine 2007;101(7):1462-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
George 2019 {published data only}
    1. George J, Liang J, Abramson M, Russell G, Holland A, Zwar N, et al. Interdisciplinary model of care for COPD in Australian primary care. Respirology 2019;24(Suppl 1):79 [TO 107].
Gohl 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gohl O, Linz H, Schonleben T, Otte B, Weineck J, Worth H. Benefits of a multimodular outpatient training program for patients with COPD [Effekte eines multimodularen ambulanten Trainingsprogramms fur Patienten mit COPD]. Pneumologie 2006;60(9):529-36. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Goldstein 1994 {published data only}
    1. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D, Avendano MA, Guyatt GH. Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994;344(8934):1394-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Guell 2008 {published data only}
    1. Guell MR, Lucas P, Galdiz JB, Montemayor T, Rodriguez Gonzalez-Moro JM, Gorostiza A, et al. Home vs hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a Spanish multicenter trial [Comparacion de un programa de rehabilitacion domiciliario con uno hospitalario en pacientes con EPOC: estudio multicentrico espanol]. Archivos de Bronconeumologia 2008;44(10):512-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Hajizadeh 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hajizadeh N, Polo J, Ordonez K, Williams M, Tsang D, Zhang M, et al. Referral to telehealth delivered pulmonary rehabilitation (TelePR) versus standard pulmonary rehabilitation (SPR) in Hispanic and African patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations: results of a randomized controlled trial. In: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Vol. Conference: American Thoracic Society International Conference, ATS 2020. United States. 2020.
Heidari 2018 {published data only}
    1. Heidari M, Fayazi S, Borsi SH, Mahmoud L, Moradbeigi K, Torabpour Torghi M, et al. Effect of the 5A model on clinical status indexes of COPD patients. Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 2018;43(3):158-66. [DOI: 10.1097/rnj.0000000000000012] - DOI - PubMed
Hernandez 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hernandez C, Pascual-Tape T, Soler N, Marti D, Esquerdo M, Olmos C, et al. Effects of an integrated care program on quality of life in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Archivos de Bronconeumologia (Journal of the Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery) 2004;40:24.
Hughes 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hughes SL, Weaver FM, Giobbie-Hurder A, Manheim L, Henderson W, Kubal JD, et al. Effectiveness of team-managed home-based primary care: a randomized multicenter trial. JAMA 2000;284(22):2877-85. [PMID: ] - PubMed
IRCT20160914029817N {published data only}
    1. IRCT20160914029817N. Effect of non-drug palliative care on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. en.irct.ir/trial/31684 (first received 15 June 2018).
Jakobsen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jakobsen AS, Laursen LC, Rydahl-Hansen S, Østergaard B, Gerds TA, Emme C, et al. Home-based telehealth hospitalization for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from "the virtual hospital" trial. Telemedicine and E Health 2015;21(1):364-73. [DOI: 10.1089/tmj.2014.0098] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jiang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Y, Liu F, Guo J, Sun P, Chen Z, Li J, et al. Evaluating an intervention program using webchat for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(4):e17089. - PMC - PubMed
Jolly 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jolly K, Sidhu MS, Hewitt CA, Coventry PA, Daley A, Jordan R, et al. Self management of patients with mild COPD in primary care: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2018;361:k2241. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jones SM, Albert P, Warburton CJ, Calverley PMA, Davies L. Effect of a case management study on primary care use and prescribing for AECOPD. Thorax 2009;64(Suppl 4):A119 [P105].
JPRN‐UMIN000034582 {published data only}
    1. JPRN-UMIN000034582. Randomized controlled trial of the ninjinyoeito for the COPD patient of frailty or prefrailty. rctportal.niph.go.jp/en/detail?trial_id=UMIN000034582 (first received 26 October 2017).
Khdour 2011 {published data only}
    1. Khdour MR, Agus AM, Kidney JC, Smyth BM, Elnay JC, Crealey GE. Cost-utility analysis of a pharmacy-led self-management programme for patients with COPD. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 2011;33(4):665-73. - PubMed
Lahham 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lahham A, McDonald CF, Mahal A, Lee AL, Hill CJ, Burge AT, et al. Acceptability and validity of a home exercise diary used in home-based pulmonary rehabilitation: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Clinical Respiratory Journal 2018;12(6):20. - PubMed
Lainscak 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lainscak M, Kadivec S, Kosnik M, Benedik B, Bratkovic M, Jakhel T, et al. Discharge coordinator intervention prevents hospitalizations in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 2013;14(6):450.e1-450.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.03.003] - DOI - PubMed
Lavoie 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lavoie K, Sedeno M, Li P, Troosters T, Hamilton H, De Sousaet D, et al. Effects of bronchodilator therapy and exercise with self-management behaviour-modification on psychological and cognitive outcomes in COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2017;50(Suppl 61):OA4669. [DOI: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.OA4669] - DOI
Li 2019 {published data only}
    1. Li XJ, Kang Y, Wang RR, Liao XL, Ou XF, Liu J, et al. The effects of safflower yellow on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2019;2019:5952742. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Liang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liang J, Abramson MJ, Russell G, Holland AE, Zwar NA, Bonevski B, et al. Interdisciplinary COPD intervention in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2019;53(4):1801530. - PubMed
Linden 2014 {published data only}
    1. Linden A, Butterworth SW. A comprehensive hospital-based intervention to reduce readmissions for chronically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Managed Care 2014;20(10):783-92. - PubMed
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Liu YF. Effects of the comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programme on the quality of life of the patients with COPD in recovery period (Chinese). Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;21:3170-1.
Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu H, Song M, Zhai ZH, Shi RJ, Zhou XL. Group singing improves depression and life quality in patients with stable COPD: a randomized community-based trial in China. Quality of Life Research 2019;28(3):725-35. - PMC - PubMed
Lorig 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lorig KR, Ritter PL, Laurent DD, Plant K. Internet-based chronic disease self-management: a randomized trial. Medical Care 2006;44(11):964-71. - PubMed
Ly 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ly O, Sibbald SL, Verma JY, Rocker G. Exploring role clarity in interorganizational spread and scale-up initiatives: the 'INSPIRED' COPD collaborative. BMC Health Services Research 2018;18(1):680. - PMC - PubMed
Maltais 2008 {published data only}
    1. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, Lacasse Y, Perrault H, Baltzan M, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2008;149(12):869-78. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Markun 2018 {published data only}
    1. Markun S, Rosemann T, Dalla-Lana K, Steurer-Stey C. Care in chronic obstructive lung disease (CAROL): a randomised trial in general practice. European Respiratory Journal 2018;51(5):1701873. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01873-2017] - DOI - PubMed
Martin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Martin IR, McNamara D, Sutherland FR, Tilyard MW, Taylor DR. Care plans for acutely deteriorating COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2004;1(4):191-5. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Martinez 2014 {published data only}
    1. Martinez CH, Moy ML, Nguyen HQ, Cohen M, Kadri R, Roman P, et al. Taking Healthy Steps: rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized trial of a pedometer-based Internet-mediated walking program in veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014;14:12. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-14-12] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
McGeoch 2006 {published data only}
    1. McGeoch GR, Willsman KJ, Dowson CA, Town GI, Frampton CM, McCartin FJ, et al. Self-management plans in the primary care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2006;11(5):611-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Monninkhof 2003 {published data only}
    1. Monninkhof E, Valk P, Palen J, Herwaarden C, Zielhuis G. Effects of a comprehensive self-management programme in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 2003;22(5):815-20. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Moy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Collins R, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, et al. An internet-mediated, pedometer-based walking program improves HRQL in veterans with COPD (abstract). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2014;189:A3642.
Moy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Moy ML, Martinez CH, Kadri R, Roman P, Holleman RG, Hyungjin MK, et al. Long-term effects of an Internet-mediated pedometer-based walking program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18(8):e215. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5622] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Muelepas 2007 {published data only}
    1. Muelepas MS, Jacobs JE, Smeenk F, Smeele I, Lucas AEM, Bottema B, et al. Effect of an integrated primary care model on the management of middle-aged and old patients with obstructive lung diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2007;25:186-92. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03794921 {published data only}
    1. NCT03794921. COPD access to pulmonary rehabilitation intervention (CAPRI) [Leveraging technology to address access and adherence to conventional hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation in veterans with COPD]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03794921 (first received 7 January 2019).
NCT03889054 {published data only}
    1. NCT03889054. Effect of education and respiratory rehabilitation on quality of life in COPD patients (EDUEPOC). clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03889054 (first received 25 March 2019).
NCT04260178 {published data only}
    1. NCT04260178. Education-based intervention program for persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (EBIPCOPD) [The impact of an education-based intervention program (EBIP) on dyspnea and chronic self-care management among COPD patients: a randomized controlled study]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03889054 (first received 4 March 2019).
NCT04348344 {published data only}
    1. NCT04348344. Study on the prevention and control system of chronic airway diseases, 2020. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04348344 (first received 1 June 2020).
NCT04437238 {published data only}
    1. NCT04437238. Pilot evaluation of "KeepWell" using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation pragmatic randomized controlled trial [Effectiveness of an eHealth tool for older adults with multimorbidity ("KeepWell"): protocol for a hybrid effectiveness-implementation, pragmatic randomized controlled trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04437238 (first received 18 June 2020).
NCT04459546 {published data only}
    1. NCT04459546. Nurse-led COPD self-management Intervention [The effect of rational drug use and symptom control training on self-efficacy, emotional status and clinical parameters in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04459546 (first received 7 July 2020).
Nguyen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Nguyen HQ, Liu I, Moy M, Fan VS, Gould MK, Desai S, et al. Effect of physical activity coaching on acute care utilization and survival in COPD: a pragmatic controlled trial (walk on!). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2019;199(9):A2645.
North 2018 {published data only}
    1. North M, Bourne S, Green B, Chauhan A, Brown T, Winter J, et al. A randomised controlled feasibility trial of an e-health platform supported care vs usual care after exacerbation of COPD. (Rescue COPD). Thorax 2018;73(Suppl 4):A231.
Nyberg 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nyberg A, Wadell K, Lindgren H, Tistad M. Internet-based support for self-management strategies for people with COPD-protocol for a controlled pragmatic pilot trial of effectiveness and a process evaluation in primary healthcare. BMJ Open 2017;7(7):e016851. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016851] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rabinovich 2017 {published data only}
    1. Demeyer H, Louvaris Z, Frei A, Rabinovich RA, Jong C, Gimeno-Santos E, et al. Physical activity is increased by a 12-week semiautomated telecoaching programme in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2017;72(5):415-23. - PMC - PubMed
Radini 2017 {published data only}
    1. Radini D, Apuzzo GM, Stellato K, Sola G, Delli Quadri N, Fragiacomo E, et al. Home telemonitoring in patients with heart failure: the experience of a region of northern Italy in the EU funded project smartcare. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2017;19(suppl.S1):690.
Rausch‐Osthoff 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rausch-Osthoff AK, Greco N, Schwank A, Beyer S, Gisi D, Scheermesser M, et al. Effect of counselling during pulmonary rehabilitation on self-determined motivation towards physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - protocol of a mixed methods study. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2017;17:115. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0457-8] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
RBR‐533hht {published data only}
    1. RBR-533hht. Results of functional tests on supervised rehabilitation program and education program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-533hht/ (first received 15 December 2018).
Renn 2018 {published data only}
    1. Renn BN, Hundt NE, Sansgiry S, Petersen NJ, Kauth MR, Kunik ME, et al. Integrated brief cognitive behavioral therapy improves illness intrusiveness in veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2018;52(8):686-96. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax045] - DOI - PubMed
Ries 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Myers R, Prewitt LM. Maintenance after pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(6):880-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ringbaek 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ringbaek T, Green A, Laursen LC, Frausing E, Brondum E, Ulrik CS. Effect of tele health care on exacerbations and hospital admissions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2015;10(Suppl 59):1801-8. - PMC - PubMed
Rixon 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rixon L, Hirani SP, Cartwright M, Beynon M, Doll H, Steventon A, et al. A RCT of telehealth for COPD patient's quality of life: the whole system demonstrator evaluation. Clinical Respiratory Journal 2017;11(4):459-69. - PubMed
Robinson 2020 {published data only}
    1. Robinson SA, Goldstein RL, Cruz Rivera PN, Kadri R, Cooper JD, Richardson CR, et al. Results from a multi-site web-based physical activity intervention in COPD: between group and site differences. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2020;201:A2507.
Rotter 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rotter T, Plishka C, Hansia MR, Goodridge D, Penz E, Kinsman L, et al. The development, implementation and evaluation of clinical pathways for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Saskatchewan: protocol for an interrupted times series evaluation. BMC Health Services Research 2017;17(1):782. - PMC - PubMed
Schmidt 2018 {published data only}
    1. Schmidt B, Bourbeau J, Sedeno M, Li P, Troosters T, Hamilton A, et al. Impact of meeting behavioral targets in a self-management behaviour modification program designed to improve physical activity in COPD patients. In: Kongress der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin e.V; 2018 March 14-17; Dresden. 2018.
Scuffham 2018 {published data only}
    1. Scuffham PA, Byrnes JM, Pollicino C, Cross D, Goldstein S, Ng SK. The impact of population-based disease management services on health care utilisation and costs: results of the CAPICHe trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2018;34(1):41-8. - PMC - PubMed
Selzler 2019 {published data only}
    1. Selzler AM, Jourdain T, Wald J, Sedeno M, Janaudis-Ferreira T, et al. Evaluation of the Canadian standardized rehabilitation efficacy (CONSPIRE) trial. Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine 2019;3(Suppl 1):47-8.
Sidhu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Sidhu MS, Daley A, Jordan R, Coventry PA, Heneghan C, Jowett S, et al. Patient self-management in primary care patients with mild COPD - protocol of a randomised controlled trial of telephone health coaching. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2015;16:15. [DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0011-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Soler 2006 {published data only}
    1. Soler JJ, Martinez-Garcia MA, Roman P, Orero R, Terrazas S, Martinez-Pechuan A. Effectiveness of a specific program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and frequent exacerbations [Eficacia de un programa especifico para pacientes con EPOC que presentan frecuentes agudizaciones]. Archivos de Bronconeumologia 2006;42(10):501-8. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Sorensen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sorensen SS, Pedersen KM, Weinreich UM, Ehlers L. Economic evaluation of community-based case management of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 2017;15(3):413-24. - PubMed
Soriano 2018 {published data only}
    1. Soriano JB, Garcia-Rio F, Vazquez Espinosa E, Díaz de Atauri J, López Yepes L, Galera Martínez R, et al. Efficacy and costs of telehealth for the management of COPD: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial. European Respiratory Journal 2018;50:OA4665. [DOI: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.OA4665] - DOI - PubMed
Stamenova 2020 {published data only}
    1. Stamenova V, Liang K, Yang R, Engel K, Lieshout F, Lalingo E, et al. Technology-enabled self-management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with or without asynchronous remote monitoring: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2020;22(7):e18598. - PMC - PubMed
Steele 2008 {published data only}
    1. Steele BG, Belza B, Cain KC, Coppersmith J, Lakshminarayan S, Howard J, et al. A randomized clinical trial of an activity and exercise adherence intervention in chronic pulmonary disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2008;89(3):404-12. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Stenlund 2019 {published data only}
    1. Stenlund T, Nyberg A, Lundell S, Wadell K. Web-based support for self-management strategies versus usual care for people with COPD in primary healthcare: a protocol for a randomised, 12-month, parallel-group pragmatic trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(10):e030788. - PMC - PubMed
Steurer‐Stey 2018 {published data only}
    1. Steurer-Stey C, Lana KD, Braun J, Riet GT, Puhan MA. Effects of the "Living well with COPD" intervention in primary care: a comparative study. European Respiratory Journal 2018;51(1):1701375. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01375-2017] - DOI - PubMed
Thom 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thom DH, Willard-Grace R, Tsao S, Hessler D, Huang B, DeVore D, et al. Randomized controlled trial of health coaching for vulnerable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Annals of the American Thoracic Society 2018;15(10):1159-68. - PMC - PubMed
Thurber 2018 {published data only}
    1. Thurber EG, Aboumatar H. Do patient comorbidities impact the effectiveness of a COPD self-management program? Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2018;2(Suppl 1):41. [DOI: 10.1017/cts.2018.163] - DOI
Torre 2018 {published data only}
    1. Torre GLA, Cocchiara RA, Sordo ELO, Chiarini M, Siliquini R, Firenze A, et al. Counseling intervention to improve quality of life in patients with pre-existing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a pilot study. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 2018;59(2):E153-8. - PMC - PubMed
Troosters 2016 {published data only}
    1. Troosters T, Bourbeau J, Maltais F, Leidy N, Erzen D, De Sousa D, et al. Effect of 8 and 12 weeks' once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol, alone and combined with exercise training, on exercise endurance during walking in patients with COPD. European Respiratory Journal 2016;48(Suppl 60):PA976. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA976] - DOI
van der Weegen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Weegen S, Verwey R, Spreeuwenberg M, Tange H, Weijden T, Witte L. It's life! Mobile and web-based monitoring and feedback tool embedded in primary care increases physical activity: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2015;17(7):e184. [DOI: 10.2196/jmir.4579] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Van Genugten 2016 {published data only}
    1. Van Genugten L, Priori R, Barretto C, Schonenberg H, Dekker M, Klee M, Saini P. An online intervention to maintain physical activity levels in COPD patients after pulmonary rehabilitation. Bulletin of the European Health Psychology Society 2016;18(Suppl):635.
Varas 2018 {published data only}
    1. Varas AB, Cordoba S, Rodriguez-Andonaegui I, Rocío Rueda M, García-Juez S, Vilaro J. Effectiveness of a community-based exercise training programme to increase physical activity level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy Research International 2018;23(4):e1740. [10.1002/pri.1740] - PubMed
Voncken‐Brewster 2015 {published data only}
    1. Voncken-Brewster V, Tange H, Vries H, Nagykaldi Z, Winkens B, Weijden T. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a web-based, computer-tailored self-management intervention for people with or at risk for COPD. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2015;10:1061-73. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S81295] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Walker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Walker PP, Pompilio PP, Zanaboni P, Bergmo TS, Prikk K, Malinovschi A. Telemonitoring in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (CHROMED). A randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2018;198(5):620-8. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201712-2404OC] - DOI - PubMed
Walters 2013 {published data only}
    1. Walters J, Cameron-Tucker H, Wills K, Schuz N, Scott J, Robinson A, et al. Effects of telephone health mentoring in community-recruited chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on self-management capacity, quality of life and psychological morbidity: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2013;3(9):e003097. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2020 {published data only}
    1. Wang LH, Zhao Y, Chen LY, Zhang L, Zhang YM. The effect of a nurse-led self-management program on outcomes of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clinical Respiratory Journal 2020;14(2):148-57. - PubMed
Waterhouse 2010 {published data only}
    1. Waterhouse JC, Walters SJ, Oluboyede Y, Lawson RA. A randomised 2 × 2 trial of community versus hospital pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease followed by telephone or conventional follow-up. Health Technology Assessment 2010;14(6):1-164. - PubMed
Welch 2020 {published data only}
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Weldam 2017 {published data only}
    1. Weldam SWM, Schuurmans MJ, Zanen P, Heijmans M, Sachs APE, Lammers JJ. The effectiveness of a nurse-led illness perception intervention in COPD patients: a cluster randomised trial in primary care. ERJ Open Research 2017;3(4):00115-2016. [DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00115-2016] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wootton 2019 {published data only}
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Wu 2018 {published data only}
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Xi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Li JM, Cheng SZ, Cai W, Zhang ZH, Liu QH, Xie BZ, et al. Transitional care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2014;1(2):157-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2014.05.004] - DOI
Yoon 2018 {published data only}
    1. Yoon J, Chang E, Rubenstein LV, Park A, Zulman D, Stockdale S, et al. Impact of primary care intensive management on high-risk veterans' costs and utilization: a randomized quality improvement trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2018;168(12):846-54. [DOI: 10.7326/M17-3039] - DOI - PubMed
Zakrisson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zakrisson A, Theander K, Arne M, Hasselgren M, Lisspers K, Stallberg B. A complex intervention of self‐management for patients with COPD or CHF in primary care improved performance and satisfaction with regard to own selected activities: a longitudinal follow‐up. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2019;75(1):175-86. - PubMed
Zhou 2010 {published data only}
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Zhou 2017 {published data only}
    1. Zhou L, Li X, Guan L, Chen J, Guo B, Wu W, et al. Home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation with built-in software in stable hypercapnic COPD: a short-term prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2017;12:1279-86. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Baumann 2012 {published data only}
    1. Baumann HJ, Kluge S, Rummel K, Klose H, Hennigs JK, Schmoller T, et al. Low intensity, long-term outpatient rehabilitation in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Respiratory Research 2012;13:86. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Borji, 2018 {published data only}
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Carcereny, 2016 {published data only}
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Mao 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mao Q, Yan L. The clinical efficacy of evidence-based nursing in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease combined with heart failure. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2020;13(2):1140-7.
NCT04256070 {published data only}
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Reguera 2017 {published data only}
    1. Reguera BJ, Lopez EM, Martin ML, Monteagudo LJ, Gutierrez NG, Sanchez M, et al. Efficacy of an integrated internet community program after pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients: a pilot randomized control trial RTY. In: European Respiratory Journal. Vol. 50. 2017:OA514.
Xu 2010 {published data only}
    1. Xu YH, Wang JH, Li HF, Zhu XH, Wang G. Efficacy of integrative respiratory rehabilitation training in exercise ability and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in stable phase: a randomized controlled trial]. [Chinese]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao 2010;8(5):432-7. [DOI: 10.3736/jcim20100506] - DOI - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Ali 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ali L, Wallstrom S, Barenfeld E, Fors A, Fredholm E, Gyllensten H, et al. Person-centred care by a combined digital platform and structured telephone support for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or chronic heart failure: study protocol for the PROTECT randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020;10(7):e036356. - PMC - PubMed
Bourne 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bourne CLA, Kanabar P, Mitchell K, Schreder S, Houchen-Wolloff L, Bankart M, et al. A self-management programme of activity coping and education - SPACE for COPD(C) - in primary care: the protocol for a pragmatic trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(7):e014463. - PMC - PubMed
Ding 2019 {published data only}ACTRN12618001091291
    1. Ding H, Karunanithi M, Ireland D, McCarthy L, Hakim R, Phillips K, et al. Evaluation of an innovative mobile health programme for the self-management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (MH-COPD): protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(4):e025381. - PMC - PubMed
Drennan 2014 {published data only}
    1. Expanding Paramedicine in the Community (EPIC) study. Ongoing study. Starting date: June 2013; estimated completion date: December 2016. Contact author for more information.
Foot 2017 {published data only}
    1. Foot H, Freeman C, Hemming K, Scott I, Coombes ID, Williams ID, et al. Reducing Medical Admissions into Hospital through Optimising Medicines (REMAIN HOME) Study: protocol for a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial. BMJ Open 2017;7(4):e015301. - PMC - PubMed
Hajizadeh 2020a {published data only}
    1. Hajizadeh N, Polo J, Ordonez K, Williams M, Tsang D, Zhang M, et al. Referral to telehealth delivered pulmonary rehabilitation (TelePR) versus standard pulmonary rehabilitation (SPR) in Hispanic and African patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations: results of a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2020;201(1):A6127.
Hansen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hansen H, Bieler T, Beyer N, Godtfredsen N, Kallemose T, Frølich A. COPD online-rehabilitation versus conventional COPD rehabilitation - rationale and design for a multicenter randomized controlled trial study protocol (CORe trial). BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2017;17(1):140. - PMC - PubMed
NCT04136418 {published data only}
    1. NCT04136418. Predict & Prevent: use of a personalised early warning decision support system to predict and prevent acute exacerbations of COPD [A randomised designed clinical investigation of the use of a personalised early warning decision support system with novel saliva bio-profiling to predict and prevent acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04136418 (first received 23 October 2019).
NCT04416295 {published data only}
    1. NCT04416295. Selfcare MAnagement InteRvenTion in COPD (SMART COPD) [Evaluation of a digital support and communication platform for COPD]. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04416295 (first received 4 June 2020).
NCT04533412 {published data only}
    1. NCT04533412. Comprehensive self-management support for COPD patients (SAMBA COPD). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04533412 (first received 31 August 2020).
Steed 2017 {published data only}
    1. Steed L, Sohanpal R, Heslop-Marshall K, Saqi-Waseem S, Barradell A, Pinnock H, et al. Development of the TANDEM intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: reporting on the pre-pilot phase. European Respiratory Journal 2017;50(Suppl 61):PA944. [DOI: 10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.PA944] - DOI

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