α-Mangostin Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity and Cell Death Modalities in Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Abstract

α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG's cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.

Keywords: AMG; apoptosis; breast cancer; cell death; cytotoxicity; nanotechnology.

Figure 1

Composition of α-mangostin.

Figure 2

Molecular subtypes of breast carcinoma. BC can be based on hormonal receptors, and HER2 status is divided into luminal types A and B, HER2+, and TNBC [30]. Luminal A and luminal B represent [ER+|PR+]HER2 (tumors with positive ER or PR and negative HER2) and [ER+|PR+]HER2+ subtypes (tumors with positive ER or PR and positive HER2). Luminal A tumors have higher expression of ER-associated genes and lower expression of proliferative genes than luminal B cancers [31,32]. Luminal B tumors tend to have a higher grade than luminal A tumors. The luminal subtype generally carries a good prognosis, and luminal B tumors have a much poorer prognosis than the luminal A subtype [33]. The basal subtype comprises ER-PR-HER2- (triple-negative) tumors with an expression profile that mimics basal epithelial cells from other parts of the body and normal breast myoepithelial cells [34]. This subtype has a low expression of hormone receptors and HER2 and high expression of basal markers and proliferation-associated genes. The tumor has a difficult prognosis, an aggressive clinical course, and currently lacks a standard targeted form of systemic therapy. The pattern of metastases tends to be visceral (excluding bone) and is less likely to involve lymph nodes. Tumors of this class tend to show rapid growth [35].

Figure 3

Hallmark mechanism of AMG in BC.