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Review
. 2021 Aug 27;10(17):3860.
doi: 10.3390/jcm10173860.

How to Measure Intraocular Pressure: An Updated Review of Various Tonometers

Paolo Brusini  1 , Maria Letizia Salvetat  2 , Marco Zeppieri  3
Affiliations
Review

How to Measure Intraocular Pressure: An Updated Review of Various Tonometers

Paolo Brusini et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important measurement that needs to be taken during ophthalmic examinations, especially in ocular hypertension subjects, glaucoma patients and in patients with risk factors for developing glaucoma. The gold standard technique in measuring IOP is still Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT); however, this procedure requires local anesthetics, can be difficult in patients with scarce compliance, surgical patients and children, and is influenced by several corneal parameters. Numerous tonometers have been proposed in the past to address the problems related to GAT. The authors review the various devices currently in use for the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), highlighting the main advantages and limits of the various tools. The continuous monitoring of IOP, which is still under evaluation, will be an important step for a more complete and reliable management of patients affected by glaucoma.

Keywords: Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT); central corneal thickness (CCT); glaucoma; intraocular pressure (IOP); ocular hypertension; tonometry.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schiøtz tonometer with different weights.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Goldmann applanation tonometer positioned on the slit lamp (A) with its cone prism (B) (on the top right); the two arcs appear correctly aligned (B) (on the bottom right).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Scale with IOP values in the Goldmann tonometer; (B) digital Goldmann tonometer (posterior view).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Handheld Perkins tonometer.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) Tono-Pen; (B) Tono-Pen Avia.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Pulsair EasyEye handheld (A) and Pulsair desktop (B) non-contact tonometers.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) mod.G3.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Corvis tonometer.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Pneumotonometer.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Langham Ocular Blood Flow pneumotonometer.
Figure 11
Figure 11
iCare rebound tonometer.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Disposable iCare probe.
Figure 13
Figure 13
(A) iCare 100; (B) iCare 200 version.
Figure 14
Figure 14
(A) iCare One; (B) iCare Home; (C) iCare Home2.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Dynamic Contour Pascal (A) with its sensor tip (B).
Figure 16
Figure 16
The BioResonator ART tonometer.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Sensimed Triggerfish.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Schematic view of Triggerfish, wireless antenna and portable recorder.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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