The Role of Bacteria in KSHV Infection and KSHV-Induced Cancers

Abstract

The objective of this article is to review the current status of the bacteria-virus interplay in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection and KSHV-driven cancers. KSHV is the etiological agent of several cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma. Due to immunosuppression, patients with KSHV are at an increased risk for bacterial infections. Moreover, among patients coinfected by HIV and KSHV, patients with KS have distinct oral microbiota compared to non-KS patients. Bacterial biomarkers associated with KSHV-driven cancers can provide insights in discerning the mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis. For example, pathogen-associated molecular patterns and bacterial products of certain bacterial species can regulate the expression of KSHV lytic and latent genes, thereby affecting viral replication and dissemination. In addition, infection with distinct opportunistic bacterial species have been associated with increased cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in KSHV-induced cancers through activation of pro-survival and -mitogenic cell signaling pathways. By elucidating the various mechanisms in which bacteria affect KSHV-associated pathogenesis, we will be able to pinpoint therapeutic targets for KSHV infection and KSHV-related cancers.

Keywords: HIV; KSHV; Kaposi’s sarcoma; microbiome; opportunistic infection.

Figure 1

Observed increases and decreases in phyla, orders, families, genera, and species of oral microbiota in HIV/KSHV-coinfected oral KS patients compared with HIV/KSHV-coinfected patients without oral KS or oral KSHV. Figure was modified from Figure 5 in the open access article by Gruffaz et al. [51].

Figure 2

Bacteria-related factors that reactivate KSHV.