Prevalence and physical characteristics of locomotive syndrome stages as classified by the new criteria 2020 in older Japanese people: results from the Nagahama study

Abstract

Background: The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) proposed the concept of locomotive syndrome (LS) in 2007 for detecting high-risk individuals with mobility limitation. In 2020, the JOA revised the clinical decision limits and introduced LS stage 3, which carried the highest-risk for LS compared to the conventional stages, 1 and 2. The purpose of this study was to characterize the prevalence, comorbidities, and physical characteristics in each LS stage, as per the LS criteria 2020.

Methods: We analyzed 2077 participants (64.9% women; mean age, 68.3 ± 5.4 years) from the Nagahama Study aged ≥60 years. Participants were classified into 4 groups, non-LS and LS stages 1, 2, and 3, based on a 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale. The prevalence of comorbidities (sarcopenia, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, low back pain [LBP], and knee pain) were investigated. Physical characteristics were measured based on the physical performance tests including gait speed, five-times chair-stand, single-leg stand, and short physical performance battery; muscle strength tests including grip, knee extension, hip flexion, and abduction; and body-composition analysis including muscle quantity and quality. Differences in the prevalence of comorbidities between LS stages were tested using the chi-square test. The general linear model was performed for univariate and multivariate analyses with post-hoc test to compare the differences in physical characteristics among the LS stages.

Results: The prevalence of LS increased with age, and the mean prevalence of LS stages 1, 2, and 3 were 24.4, 5.5, and 6.5%, respectively. The prevalence of comorbidities, including sarcopenia, osteoporosis, LBP, and knee pain, increased with worsening LS stage. Physical performance tests were significantly different between LS stages 2 and 3; and muscle strength differed significantly between LS stages 1 and 2. Additionally, in terms of body composition analysis, muscle quality but not muscle quantity showed significant differences among all the LS stages.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that muscle strengthening and dynamic training, including balance training in LS stage 1 and 2, respectively, were needed for preventing the LS progression. Individuals with LS stage 3 should perform dynamic training and muscle strengthening exercises while receiving treatment for comorbidities.

Keywords: Locomotive syndrome; Physical performance; Prevalence; The 25-question geriatric locomotive function scale.

Fig. 1

Flowchart for participants selection from the Nagahama Study

Fig. 2

The prevalence of locomotive syndrome stages among the age groups in total sample (n = 2077). Gray bar, dot bar, and horizontal line bar indicate the presence of LS stage 1, stage 2 and stage 3, respectively. The values listed in the bar show the prevalence (%)

Fig. 3

The prevalence of locomotive syndrome stages among the age groups in each sex-stratified sample. The prevalence of LS stage 1 (gray bar), stage 2 (dot bar), and stage 3 (horizontal line bar) among various age groups in men (n = 730) and women (n = 1347). The values listed in the bar show the prevalence (%)