Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Aug 26:12:668447.
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.668447. eCollection 2021.

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000-2019: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Rami H Al-Rifai  1 , Noor Motea Abdo  1 , Marília Silva Paulo  1 , Sumanta Saha  2 , Luai A Ahmed  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Middle East and North Africa, 2000-2019: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

Rami H Al-Rifai et al. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Women in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region are burdened with several risk factors related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) including overweight and high parity. We systematically reviewed the literature and quantified the weighted prevalence of GDM in MENA at the regional, subregional, and national levels. Studies published from 2000 to 2019 reporting the prevalence of GDM in the MENA region were retrieved and were assessed for their eligibility. Overall and subgroup pooled prevalence of GDM was quantified by random-effects meta-analysis. Sources of heterogeneity were investigated by meta-regression. The risk of bias (RoB) was assessed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's tool. One hundred and two research articles with 279,202 tested pregnant women for GDM from 16 MENA countries were included. Most of the research reports sourced from Iran (36.3%) and Saudi Arabia (21.6%), with an overall low RoB. In the 16 countries, the pooled prevalence of GDM was 13.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.5-14.6%, I2 , 99.3%). Nationally, GDM was highest in Qatar (20.7%, 95% CI, 15.2-26.7% I2 , 99.0%), whereas subregionally, GDM was highest in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (14.7%, 95% CI, 13.0-16.5%, I2 , 99.0%). The prevalence of GDM was high in pregnant women aged ≥30 years (21.9%, 95% CI, 18.5-25.5%, I2 , 97.1%), in their third trimester (20.0%, 95% CI, 13.1-27.9%, I2 , 98.8%), and who were obese (17.2%, 95% CI, 12.8-22.0%, I2 , 93.8%). The prevalence of GDM was 10.6% (95% CI, 8.1-13.4%, I2 , 98.9%) in studies conducted before 2009, whereas it was 14.0% (95% CI, 12.1-16.0%, I2 , 99.3%) in studies conducted in or after 2010. Pregnant women in the MENA region are burdened with a substantial prevalence of GDM, particularly in GCC and North African countries. Findings have implications for maternal health in the MENA region and call for advocacy to unify GDM diagnostic criteria.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42018100629.

Keywords: MENA region; gestational diabetes mellitus; meta-analysis; prevalence; systematic review.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flowchart of study selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of the meta-analyses of the studies on GDM from 16 MENA countries.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Quintanilla Rodriguez BS, Mahdy H. Gestational Diabetes. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) (2020). - PubMed
    1. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, Hadar E, Agarwal M, Di Renzo GC, et al. . The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pragmatic Guide for Diagnosis, Management, and Care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2015) 131(Suppl 3):S173–211. 10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30033-3 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Spaight C, Gross J, Horsch A, Puder JJ. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Endocr Dev (2016) 31:163–78. 10.1159/000439413 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, Hadar E, Agarwal M, Di Renzo GC, et al. . The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pragmatic Guide for Diagnosis, Management, and Care(). Int J Gynaecol Obstet (2015) 131(Suppl 3):S173–211. 10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30033-3 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Guariguata L, Linnenkamp U, Beagley J, Whiting DR, Cho NH. Global Estimates of the Prevalence of Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2014) 103(2):176–85. 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.003 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types