Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Aug 27:9:617311.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.617311. eCollection 2021.

Epidemiology, Hot Spots, and Sociodemographic Risk Factors of Alcohol Consumption in Indian Men and Women: Analysis of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

Karuppusamy Balasubramani  1 , Winnie Paulson  2 , Savitha Chellappan  3 , Ramakrishnan Ramachandran  2 , Sujit Kumar Behera  2 , Praveen Balabaskaran Nina  2
Affiliations

Epidemiology, Hot Spots, and Sociodemographic Risk Factors of Alcohol Consumption in Indian Men and Women: Analysis of National Family Health Survey-4 (2015-16), a Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study

Karuppusamy Balasubramani et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Objectives: To map the alcohol hot spots and understand the Sociodemographic Indices (SDI) affecting alcohol consumption in Indian men and women. Methods: Data from National Family Health Survey-4 carried out from 2015 to 2016 with a sample size of 103,411 men and 699,686 women were used for Geographic Information System mapping, and hot spot identification by spatial statistics (Getis-Ord Gi*). Bivariate analyses and multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze SDI. Results: India has three major alcohol hot spots: (1) North-East (NE) states, (2) Eastern Peninsular states formed by Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Telangana, and (3) Southern states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hot spot analysis strongly correlated with region-wise analysis of SDI. Respondents who consumed tobacco have higher odds (men adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 5.42; women aOR: 4.30) of consuming alcohol. Except for religion and social category, other socioeconomic factors have a low to moderate effect on alcohol consumption. Conclusions: Hot spots and high-risk districts of alcohol consumption identified in this study can guide public health policies for targeted intervention. Alcohol use is at the discretion of individual states and union territories, and stringent anti-alcohol policies strictly enforced across India are the keys to control alcohol use.

Keywords: Getis-Ord Gi*; NFHS-4; alcohol consumption in India; alcohol hot spots in India; spatial statistics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
State and district-wise comparison of alcohol consumption in men and women, National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4. The inset maps (top) show the state-wise average, and the bottom maps show the district-wise alcohol distribution for women (A) and men (B). The darker red shades denote higher consumption. The state boundaries are overlaid to show inter-intra state distributions. The state-wise comparison of different types of alcohol consumption is shown for men (right bars) and women (left bars) (C). The colors in the bars indicate relative consumption (%) of different alcohol types.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Hot spot analysis of alcohol consumption in India, NFHS-4. The hot (red) and cold (blue) spots of alcohol consumption with three confidence levels (99, 95, and 90%) are shown for women (A) and men (B). The light yellow color shows the spatially not-significant districts of alcohol consumption. The overlaid hatches (A) indicate that more than 50% of women are ST in that district. Scatter plot (C) shows the relationship between alcohol consumption and density. The dots represent district values of alcohol consumption of men (%) and men density per sq.km.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Hammer JHPM, Spiker DA. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, Global Status Report on Alcohol. World Health Organization. (2018). Available online at: http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/publications/global_alcohol_report/ms... (Accessed February 1, 2020).
    1. GBD AC. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. (2018) 392:1015–35. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ezzati M, Hoorn SV, Lopez AD, Danaei G, Rodgers A, Mathers CD, et al. . Chapter 4: Comparative quantification of mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors. In: Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL, editors. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; (2006). Available online at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11813 - PubMed
    1. Rehm J, Room R, Graham K, Monteiro M, Gmel G, Sempos CT. The relationship of average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking to burden of disease: an overview. Addiction. (2003) 98:1209–28. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00467.x - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rehm J, Room R, Monteiro M, Gmel G, Graham K, Rehn N, et al. . Alcohol as a risk factor for global burden of disease. Europ Addict Res. (2003) 9:157–64. 10.1159/000072222 - DOI - PubMed