A smart healthcare framework for detection and monitoring of COVID-19 using IoT and cloud computing

Abstract

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a very contagious infection that has drawn the world's attention. Modeling such diseases can be extremely valuable in predicting their effects. Although classic statistical modeling may provide adequate models, it may also fail to understand the data's intricacy. An automatic COVID-19 detection system based on computed tomography (CT) scan or X-ray images is effective, but a robust system design is challenging. In this study, we propose an intelligent healthcare system that integrates IoT-cloud technologies. This architecture uses smart connectivity sensors and deep learning (DL) for intelligent decision-making from the perspective of the smart city. The intelligent system tracks the status of patients in real time and delivers reliable, timely, and high-quality healthcare facilities at a low cost. COVID-19 detection experiments are performed using DL to test the viability of the proposed system. We use a sensor for recording, transferring, and tracking healthcare data. CT scan images from patients are sent to the cloud by IoT sensors, where the cognitive module is stored. The system decides the patient status by examining the images of the CT scan. The DL cognitive module makes the real-time decision on the possible course of action. When information is conveyed to a cognitive module, we use a state-of-the-art classification algorithm based on DL, i.e., ResNet50, to detect and classify whether the patients are normal or infected by COVID-19. We validate the proposed system's robustness and effectiveness using two benchmark publicly available datasets (Covid-Chestxray dataset and Chex-Pert dataset). At first, a dataset of 6000 images is prepared from the above two datasets. The proposed system was trained on the collection of images from 80% of the datasets and tested with 20% of the data. Cross-validation is performed using a tenfold cross-validation technique for performance evaluation. The results indicate that the proposed system gives an accuracy of 98.6%, a sensitivity of 97.3%, a specificity of 98.2%, and an F1-score of 97.87%. Results clearly show that the accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and F1-score of our proposed method are high. The comparison shows that the proposed system performs better than the existing state-of-the-art systems. The proposed system will be helpful in medical diagnosis research and healthcare systems. It will also support the medical experts for COVID-19 screening and lead to a precious second opinion.

Keywords: Cloud computing; Coronavirus; Deep learning; Detection; Internet of things; Machine learning.

Fig. 1

a, c, e Three images related to COVID-19 and b, d, f regions in the images infected from COVID-19

Fig. 2

The architecture of proposed system

Fig. 3

Smart healthcare framework for COVID-19 detection

Fig. 4.

16 sample images from the dataset. First row shows COVID-19 images, second row shows normal images from Chex-Pert dataset, and third and fourth rows show the images effected from one of the 13 diseases in Chex-Pert dataset

Fig. 5

REsNet50 CNN model architecture

Fig. 6

Predicted probability values with ResNet50 CNN model

Fig. 7

ROC curve of proposed system

Fig. 8

tSNE plot for two-class problem (COVID-19 vs non-COVID) for features visualization