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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Sep 17;9(9):CD012820.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012820.pub2.

Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia

Dina Bosnjak Kuharic  1 , Domagoj Markovic  2 , Tonci Brkovic  3 , Milka Jeric Kegalj  4 , Zana Rubic  5 , Ana Vuica Vukasovic  6 , Ana Jeroncic  7 , Livia Puljak  8
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia

Dina Bosnjak Kuharic et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Dementia is a common chronic condition, mainly affecting older adults, characterised by a progressive decline in cognitive and functional abilities. Medical treatments for dementia are limited. Cannabinoids are being investigated for the treatment of dementia.

Objectives: To determine the efficacy and safety of cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia.

Search methods: We searched ALOIS - the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group's Specialised Register - on 8 July 2021, using the terms cannabis or cannabinoid or endocannabinoid or cannabidiol or THC or CBD or dronabinol or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or marijuana or marihuana or hashish. The register contains records from all major healthcare databases (the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS), as well as from many clinical trials registries and grey literature sources.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of cannabinoids for the treatment of dementia. We included participants of any age and of either sex with diagnosed dementia of any subtype, or with unspecified dementia of any severity, from any setting. We considered studies of cannabinoids administered by any route, at any dose, for any duration, compared with placebo, no treatment, or any active control intervention.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened and selected studies for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias in included studies. When necessary, other review authors were involved in reaching consensus decisions. We conducted meta-analyses using a generic inverse variance fixed-effect model to derive estimates of effect size. We used GRADE methods to assess our confidence in the effect estimates.

Main results: We included four studies (126 participants) in this review. Most participants had Alzheimer's disease; a few had vascular dementia or mixed dementia. Three studies had low risk of bias across all domains; one study had unclear risk of bias for the majority of domains. The included studies tested natural delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (Namisol) and two types of synthetic THC analogue (dronabinol and nabilone). Three trials had a cross-over design. Interventions were applied over 3 to 14 weeks; one study reported adverse events over 70 weeks of follow-up. One trial was undertaken in the USA, one in Canada, and two in The Netherlands. Two studies reported non-commercial funding, and two studies were conducted with the support of both commercial and non-commercial funding. Primary outcomes in this review were changes in global and specific cognitive function, overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and adverse events. We found very low-certainty evidence suggesting there may be little or no clinically important effect of a synthetic THC analogue on cognition assessed with the standardised Mini-Mental State Examination (sMMSE) (mean difference (MD) 1.1 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1 to 2.1; 1 cross-over trial, 28 participants). We found low-certainty evidence suggesting there may be little or no clinically important effect of cannabinoids on overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (or its modified nursing home version) (MD -1.97, 95% CI -3.87 to -0.07; 1 parallel group and 2 cross-over studies, 110 participants). All included studies reported data on adverse events. However, the total number of adverse events, the total numbers of mild and moderate adverse events, and the total number of serious adverse events (SAEs) were not reported in a way that permitted meta-analysis. There were no clear differences between groups in numbers of adverse events, with the exception of sedation (including lethargy), which was more frequent among participants taking nabilone (N = 17) than placebo (N = 6) (odds ratio (OR) 2.83, 95% CI 1.07 to 7.48; 1 cross-over study, 38 participants). We judged the certainty of evidence for adverse event outcomes to be low or very low due to serious concerns regarding imprecision and indirectness.

Authors' conclusions: Based on data from four small, short, and heterogeneous placebo-controlled trials, we cannot be certain whether cannabinoids have any beneficial or harmful effects on dementia. If there are benefits of cannabinoids for people with dementia, the effects may be too small to be clinically meaningful. Adequately powered, methodologically robust trials with longer follow-up are needed to properly assess the effects of cannabinoids in dementia.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02351882 NCT01302340 NCT01608217 NCT00842985 NCT01964547 NCT03328676 NCT02792257.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The review authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 1: Changes in global and specific cognitive function, sMMSE scale
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 2: Overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, NPI  and NPI‐NH total score
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 3: Subgroup analysis ‐ Overall behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, NPI  and NPI‐NH total score
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 4: Adverse events ‐ nervous system disorders
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 5: Adverse events ‐ Sedation/lethargy
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 6: Adverse events ‐ treatment‐induced sedation
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 7: Adverse events ‐ psychiatric disorders
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 8: Adverse events ‐ gastrointestinal disorders
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 9: Adverse events ‐ other
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 10: Changes in functional outcomes, Barthel Index
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 11: Minimal to marked improvement on dementia severity, assessed on the CGI Change scale
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 12: Weight [kg]
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 13: MNA‐SF
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 14: BMI
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 15: Caloric intake [kcal]
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 16: CMAI
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 17: NPI subscale agitation/aggression
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 18: QoL‐AD
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 19: Caregiver burden
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 20: All‐cause discontinuation
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Comparison: cannabinoids versus placebo, Outcome 21: All‐cause mortality
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Amanullah 2013 {published data only}
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Libro 2016 {published data only}
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NCT00842985 2008 {published data only}
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NCT01964547 2012 {published data only}
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Noonan 2010 {published data only}
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Passmore 2008 {published data only}
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Solowij 2014 {published data only}
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Stone 2010 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT03328676 2017 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12619000474156 2019 {published data only}
    1. Medicinal cannabis and dementia: effects on behavioural symptoms among older residential care recipients. https://anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12619000474156.aspx 2019.
    1. Medicinal cannabis use among dementia patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000474156 2019. [ACTRN12619000474156]
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Euctr  2010‐024577‐39 2011 {published data only}
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Euctr 2019‐002106‐52‐GB {published data only}
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Euctr 2020‐001056‐17‐GB {published data only}
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Forester 2017 {published data only}
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NCT04436081 2020 {published data only}
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NCT04516057 2020 {published data only}
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