Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses

Philip R Krause¹, Thomas R Fleming², Richard Peto³, Ira M Longini⁴, J Peter Figueroa⁵, Jonathan A C Sterne⁶, Alejandro Cravioto⁷, Helen Rees⁸, Julian P T Higgins⁶, Isabelle Boutron⁹, Hongchao Pan¹⁰, Marion F Gruber¹¹, Narendra Arora¹², Fatema Kazi¹³, Rogerio Gaspar¹³, Soumya Swaminathan¹³, Michael J Ryan¹³, Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo¹⁴

Affiliations

¹ Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Electronic address: philip.krause@fda.hhs.gov.
² Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
⁶ Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁷ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico.
⁸ Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁹ Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Université de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁰ MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹¹ Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
¹² The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
¹³ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁴ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: henaorestropa@who.int.

PMID: 34534516
PMCID: PMC8437678
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8

Review

Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses

Philip R Krause et al. Lancet. 2021.

. 2021 Oct 9;398(10308):1377-1380.

doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8. Epub 2021 Sep 14.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA. Electronic address: philip.krause@fda.hhs.gov.
² Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
³ Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁵ University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
⁶ Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
⁷ Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, DF, Mexico.
⁸ Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa.
⁹ Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), Université de Paris, Paris, France.
¹⁰ MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹¹ Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
¹² The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India.
¹³ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁴ World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: henaorestropa@who.int.

PMID: 34534516
PMCID: PMC8437678
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8

No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests.

Figures

**Figure**
Vaccine efficacy against severe disease versus vaccine efficacy against any infection Review of published or informal reports of vaccine efficacy (with a 95% CI) in observational or in randomised studies (appendix pp 3–4) that gave results both for severe disease and for any infection. Plotted are inverse-variance-weighted means (and 95% CIs) of the reported vaccine efficacy (giving the number of studies contributing to that mean), subdivided by (A) Vaccine efficacy against any infection (50% to <80%, 80% to <90%, ≥90%). (B) Viral variant. (C) Type of vaccine (viral vector, inactivated SARS-CoV-2, adjuvanted protein subunit, or mRNA). (D) Studies reporting vaccine efficacy early (more recently relative to vaccination) or later (less recently relative to vaccination) during the follow-up of the same observational study.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Booster vaccines for COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough cases?
Nixon DF, Schwartz RE, Ndhlovu LC. Nixon DF, et al. Lancet. 2022 Mar 26;399(10331):1224. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00044-7. Lancet. 2022. PMID: 35339219 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
COVID-19 Boosters: If The US Had Matched Israel's Speed And Take-Up, An Estimated 29,000 US Lives Would Have Been Saved.
Black B, Atanasov V, Glatman-Freedman A, Keinan-Boker L, Reichman A, Franchi L, Meurer J, Luo Q, Thaw DB, Moghtaderi A. Black B, et al. Health Aff (Millwood). 2023 Dec;42(12):1747-1757. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2023.00718. Health Aff (Millwood). 2023. PMID: 38048511 Free PMC article.

References

1. Callaway E. COVID vaccine boosters: the most important questions. Nature. 2021;596:178–180. - PubMed
1. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Marion O, Couat C, Izopet J, Del Bello A. Three doses of an mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:661–662. - PMC - PubMed
1. Gargano JW, Wallace M, Hadler SC, et al. Use of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine after reports of myocarditis among vaccine recipients: update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:977–982. - PMC - PubMed
1. WHO Statement of the WHO Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS) COVID-19 subcommittee on reports of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) following adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccines. 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/26-07-2021-statement-of-the-who-gacvs-covi...
1. Turner JS, O'Halloran JA, Kalaidina E, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses. Nature. 2021;596:109–113. - PMC - PubMed

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Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses

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Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses

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