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. 2021 Sep 15;5(3):e387-e399.
doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1735155. eCollection 2021 Jul.

Ruling out Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with (Suspected) COVID-19-A Prospective Cohort Study

Milou A M Stals  1 , Fleur H J Kaptein  1 , Remy H H Bemelmans  2 , Thomas van Bemmel  3 , Inge C Boukema  4 , Dionne C W Braeken  5 , Sander J E Braken  1 , Carlinda Bresser  6 , Hugo Ten Cate  7 , Duco D Deenstra  8 , Yordi P A van Dooren  9 , Laura M Faber  6 , Marco J J H Grootenboers  10 , Lianne R de Haan  11 , Carolien Haazer  12 , Antonio Iglesias Del Sol  13 , Sarah Kelliher  14 , Ted Koster  15 , Lucia J M Kroft  16 , Rick I Meijer  17 , Fleur Pals  1 , Eric R E van Thiel  18 , Peter E Westerweel  19 , Marije Ten Wolde  11 , Frederikus A Klok  1 , Menno V Huisman  1 ; Dutch COVID & Thrombosis Coalition (DCTC)
Affiliations

Ruling out Pulmonary Embolism in Patients with (Suspected) COVID-19-A Prospective Cohort Study

Milou A M Stals et al. TH Open. .

Abstract

Background Diagnostic strategies for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) have not been prospectively evaluated in COVID-19 patients. Methods Prospective, multicenter, outcome study in 707 patients with both (suspected) COVID-19 and suspected PE in 14 hospitals. Patients on chronic anticoagulant therapy were excluded. Informed consent was obtained by opt-out approach. Patients were managed by validated diagnostic strategies for suspected PE. We evaluated the safety (3-month failure rate) and efficiency (number of computed tomography pulmonary angiographies [CTPAs] avoided) of the applied strategies. Results Overall PE prevalence was 28%. YEARS was applied in 36%, Wells rule in 4.2%, and "CTPA only" in 52%; 7.4% was not tested because of hemodynamic or respiratory instability. Within YEARS, PE was considered excluded without CTPA in 29%, of which one patient developed nonfatal PE during follow-up (failure rate 1.4%, 95% CI 0.04-7.8). One-hundred seventeen patients (46%) managed according to YEARS had a negative CTPA, of whom 10 were diagnosed with nonfatal venous thromboembolism (VTE) during follow-up (failure rate 8.8%, 95% CI 4.3-16). In patients managed by CTPA only, 66% had an initial negative CTPA, of whom eight patients were diagnosed with a nonfatal VTE during follow-up (failure rate 3.6%, 95% CI 1.6-7.0). Conclusion Our results underline the applicability of YEARS in (suspected) COVID-19 patients with suspected PE. CTPA could be avoided in 29% of patients managed by YEARS, with a low failure rate. The failure rate after a negative CTPA, used as a sole test or within YEARS, was non-negligible and reflects the high thrombotic risk in these patients, warranting ongoing vigilance.

Keywords: COVID-19; diagnosis; pulmonary embolism; venous thromboembolism.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Frederikus Klok reports research grants from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer-Ingelheim, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Actelion, the Dutch thrombosis association, The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and the Dutch Heart foundation. Menno Huisman reports receiving research grants from ZonMW, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer Health Care and Pfizer-Bristol-Myers Squibb. He has received consultancy and lecture fees from Pfizer-Bristol-Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer Health Care and Aspen. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of study patients managed according to the YEARS algorithm. CTPA, computed tomography pulmonary angiography; DVT, deep-vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flowchart of study patients directly imaged with CTPA. CTPA, computed tomography pulmonary angiography; DVT, deep-vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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