The Profile of Moods States and Athletic Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Published Studies

Abstract

Researchers have extensively examined and reviewed the relationship of the profile of mood states (POMS) with sport performance since the 1970s. Two decades have passed since the last POMS quantitative review. Our overall objective was to quantify the POMS research with competitive athletes with a prospective measured POMS and a sport performance outcome in the published literature. Additionally, we tested potential moderators of the mental health model (i.e., sport duration, type, and skill) with meta-analytic techniques while considering potential risk bias across study sources. Based on a systematic review, the articles were found using EBSCO and comparing these articles with extensive past POMS in sport and exercise bibliographies. Search terms included profile of mood states (POMS) or iceberg profile or the mental health model with sport and performance or sports performance. For selection, articles must have reported data on competitive athletes, an athletic performance outcome, and a valid form of the POMS measured prospectively. After screening more than 600 articles for inclusion, 25 articles provided sufficient data for effect size calculations. The included articles spanned from 1975 to 2011, with 1497 unique participants. Hedges' g values were generally small for the six POMS scales: tension (-0.21), depression (-0.43), anger (-0.08), vigor (0.38), fatigue (-0.13), and confusion (-0.41). However, the total mood disturbance (TMD) score effect size was medium in magnitude at -0.53. When corrected for potential publication bias, the effect size values increased in magnitude for tension (-0.47), depression (-0.64), vigor (0.44), fatigue (-0.34), and TMD (-0.84). Moderator analyses for Terry's (1995) propositions and for risk of bias across studies, statistically, resulted in few differences based on conventional statistical significance (p < 0.05). Measured before performance, most of the POMS scales and TMD are reliable predictors of sport performance in competitive athletes across a wide variety of sports and athletic performance outcomes. Morgan's (1980, 1985) mental health model or iceberg profile minus anger is still a viable method for understanding and improving athletic performances.

Keywords: depression; iceberg profile; mental health model; quantitative review; total mood disturbance; vigor.

Figure 1

PRISMA flow chart for the identification of the eventual included studies.

Figure 2

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS tension scale, with a negative sign representing less tension for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 3

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS depression scale, with a negative sign representing less depression for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 4

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS anger scale, with a negative sign representing less anger for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 5

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS vigor scale with a positive sign representing more vigor for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 6

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS fatigue scale, with a negative sign representing less fatigue for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 7

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS confusion scale, with a negative sign representing less confusion for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 8

Study effect size statistics and corresponding forest plot representing the POMS TMD, with a negative sign representing less TMD for more successful performance outcomes.

Figure 9

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for tension.

Figure 10

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for depression.

Figure 11

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for anger.

Figure 12

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for vigor.

Figure 13

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for fatigue.

Figure 14

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for confusion.

Figure 15

Random effects plot trimmed and filled for TMD.