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. 2021 Oct-Dec:12:100868.
doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100868. Epub 2021 Sep 16.

Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Roy Rillera Marzo  1   2 , Vineet Vinay  3 , Rafidah Bahari  4 , Shekhar Chauhan  5 , Deborah Anak Fo Ming  2 , Stephanie Fernandez A/P Nelson Fernandez  2 , Colin Cornelius Pereira Johnson  2 , Agkesh Qumar A/L Thivakaran  2 , Mohammad Meshbahur Rahman  6 , Sonu Goel  7
Affiliations

Depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

Roy Rillera Marzo et al. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Oct-Dec.

Abstract

Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus posits deleterious consequences on global healthcare system while affecting human life in every aspect. Despite several measures undertaken to limit the socio-economic effect of coronavirus, various challenges remain pervasive, and one such challenge is mental health, particularly depression and anxiety. Therefore, this study examines the prevalence and determinants of depression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of COVID-19.

Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was carried out via social media platforms and 1544 Malaysians were selected. The level of depression was assessed by Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-9) and scored accordingly for categorization. Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used as a self-assessment survey to quantify the level of anxiety of persons experiencing anxiety-related symptoms. Percentage distribution and logistic regression analysis were used in the data analysis.

Results: Results showed that one-fourth (25.1%) of the participants had severe depressive symptoms. Almost one-sixth (18.7%) had mild depressive symptoms and one-third (34.1%) had mild to moderate anxiety symptoms. Age, gender, and friends infected with virus were the three important predictors of depression and anxiety. The odds of having depression (OR = 1.44; C·I. = 1.32-1.62) and anxiety (OR = 1.36; C·I. = 1.27-1.47) were significantly higher among females than in males.

Conclusion: A significant proportion of the study participants were facing mild to severe depression and anxiety symptoms which is very alarming as the pandemic is still now increasing across the country. Immediate interventions including community counselling programmes, TV and social media campaigns are urgently needed to reduce the psychological stress among the Malaysian population.

Keywords: Anxiety; Coronavirus; Depression; Patient health questionnaires; Zung's self-rating anxiety scale.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prevalence of different levels of anxiety during third wave of COVID-19 in Malaysia.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prevalence of the levels of depression during third wave of COVID-19 in Malaysia.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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