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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Sep 23;9(9):CD007651.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007651.pub3.

School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18

Sarah E Neil-Sztramko  1 , Hilary Caldwell  2 , Maureen Dobbins  3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18

Sarah E Neil-Sztramko et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Physical activity among children and adolescents is associated with lower adiposity, improved cardio-metabolic health, and improved fitness. Worldwide, fewer than 30% of children and adolescents meet global physical activity recommendations of at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day. Schools may be ideal sites for interventions given that children and adolescents in most parts of the world spend a substantial amount of time in transit to and from school or attending school.

Objectives: The purpose of this review update is to summarise the evidence on effectiveness of school-based interventions in increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents 6 to 18 years of age. Specific objectives are: • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on increasing physical activity and improving fitness among children and adolescents; • to evaluate the effects of school-based interventions on improving body composition; and • to determine whether certain combinations or components (or both) of school-based interventions are more effective than others in promoting physical activity and fitness in this target population.

Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, BIOSIS, SPORTDiscus, and Sociological Abstracts to 1 June 2020, without language restrictions. We screened reference lists of included articles and relevant systematic reviews. We contacted primary authors of studies to ask for additional information.

Selection criteria: Eligible interventions were relevant to public health practice (i.e. were not delivered by a clinician), were implemented in the school setting, and aimed to increase physical activity among all school-attending children and adolescents (aged 6 to 18) for at least 12 weeks. The review was limited to randomised controlled trials. For this update, we have added two new criteria: the primary aim of the study was to increase physical activity or fitness, and the study used an objective measure of physical activity or fitness. Primary outcomes included proportion of participants meeting physical activity guidelines and duration of moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time (new to this update). Secondary outcomes included measured body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, health-related quality of life (new to this update), and adverse events (new to this update). Television viewing time, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure have been removed from this update. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent review authors used standardised forms to assess each study for relevance, to extract data, and to assess risk of bias. When discrepancies existed, discussion occurred until consensus was reached. Certainty of evidence was assessed according to GRADE. A random-effects meta-analysis based on the inverse variance method was conducted with participants stratified by age (children versus adolescents) when sufficient data were reported. Subgroup analyses explored effects by intervention type.

Main results: Based on the three new inclusion criteria, we excluded 16 of the 44 studies included in the previous version of this review. We screened an additional 9968 titles (search October 2011 to June 2020), of which 978 unique studies were potentially relevant and 61 met all criteria for this update. We included a total of 89 studies representing complete data for 66,752 study participants. Most studies included children only (n = 56), followed by adolescents only (n = 22), and both (n = 10); one study did not report student age. Multi-component interventions were most common (n = 40), followed by schooltime physical activity (n = 19), enhanced physical education (n = 15), and before and after school programmes (n = 14); one study explored both enhanced physical education and an after school programme. Lack of blinding of participants, personnel, and outcome assessors and loss to follow-up were the most common sources of bias. Results show that school-based physical activity interventions probably result in little to no increase in time engaged in moderate to vigorous physical activity (mean difference (MD) 0.73 minutes/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.16 to 1.30; 33 studies; moderate-certainty evidence) and may lead to little to no decrease in sedentary time (MD -3.78 minutes/d, 95% CI -7.80 to 0.24; 16 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may improve physical fitness reported as maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) (MD 1.19 mL/kg/min, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.82; 13 studies; low-certainty evidence). School-based physical activity interventions may result in a very small decrease in BMI z-scores (MD -0.06, 95% CI -0.09 to -0.02; 21 studies; low-certainty evidence) and may not impact BMI expressed as kg/m² (MD -0.07, 95% CI -0.15 to 0.01; 50 studies; low-certainty evidence). We are very uncertain whether school-based physical activity interventions impact health-related quality of life or adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: Given the variability of results and the overall small effects, school staff and public health professionals must give the matter considerable thought before implementing school-based physical activity interventions. Given the heterogeneity of effects, the risk of bias, and findings that the magnitude of effect is generally small, results should be interpreted cautiously.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03390725 NCT03081013 NCT03163004 NCT02343588 NCT03579810 NCT03817047 NCT03593863 NCT02810834 NCT03440580 NCT03504059 NCT02428634.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

SNS: declares no known conflict of interest.

MD: declares no known conflict of interest.

HC: declares no known conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Trial flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included trials (blank cells indicate that the particular outcome was not measured in some trials).
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included trial (blank cells indicate that the particular outcome was not measured in some trials).
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.2 Physical activity duration: meta‐analysis.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.5 Sedentary time: meta‐analysis.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.8 Physical fitness: meta‐analysis.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.11 BMI: meta‐analysis [z‐scores].
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.13 BMI: meta‐analysis [kg/m2].
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 2: Physical activity duration (minutes/d): meta‐analysis
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 3: Physical activity duration by intervention type (minutes/d): meta‐analysis
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 5: Sedentary time (minutes/d): meta‐analysis
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 6: Sedentary time (minutes/d) by intervention type: meta‐analysis
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 8: Physical fitness (mL/kg/min): meta‐analysis
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 9: Physical fitness (mL/kg/min) by intervention type: meta‐analysis
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 11: BMI: meta‐analysis [z‐scores]
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 12: BMI by intervention type: meta‐analysis [z‐scores]
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 13: BMI: meta‐analysis [kg/m2]
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: PA programme vs no PA programme, Outcome 14: BMI by intervention type: meta‐analysis [kg/m2]
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

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Ickovics 2019 {published data only}
    1. Ickovics JR, Duffany KO, Shebl FM, Peters SM, Read MA, Gilstad-Hayden KR, et al. Implementing school-based policies to prevent obesity: cluster randomized trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2019;56(1):e1-e11. - PMC - PubMed
Jago 2011 {published data only}
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Jago 2014 {published data only}
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Jago 2015 {published data only}
    1. Edwards MJ, May T, Kesten JM, Banfield K, Bird EL, Powell JE, et al. Lessons learnt from the Bristol Girls Dance Project cluster RCT: implications for designing and implementing after-school physical activity interventions. BMJ Open 2016;6(1):e010036. - PMC - PubMed
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Jago 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jago R, Tibbitts B, Sanderson E, Bird EL, Porter A, Metcalfe C, et al. Action 3:30R: results of a cluster randomised feasibility study of a revised teaching assistant-led extracurricular physical activity intervention for 8 to 10 year olds. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(1):131. - PMC - PubMed
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Jansen 2011 {published data only}
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Jarani 2016 {published data only}
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Ketelhut 2020 {published data only}
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Kipping 2014 {published data only}
    1. Anderson EL, Howe LD, Kipping RR, Campbell R, Jago R, Noble SM, et al. Long-term effects of the Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) school-based cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016;6(11):e010957. - PMC - PubMed
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Kobel 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dreyhaupt J, Koch B, Wirt T, Schreiber A, Brandstetter S, Kesztyus D, et al. Evaluation of a health promotion program in children: study protocol and design of the cluster-randomized Baden-Württemberg primary school study [DRKS-ID: DRKS00000494]. BMC Public Health 2012;12:157. - PMC - PubMed
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Kocken 2016 {published data only}
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Kriemler 2010 {published data only}
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Lau 2016 {published data only}
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Leahy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Leahy A, Hillman C, Shigeta T, Smith J, Eather N, Morgan P, et al. Teacher facilitated high-intensity interval training intervention for older adolescents: the 'Burn 2 Learn' pilot randomised controlled trial. In: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. Conference: 2018 Sports Medicine Australia conference. Australia. Vol. 21. 2018:S72 C3-Embase 2001104936.
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Lonsdale 2019a {published data only}
    1. Lonsdale C, Lester A, Owen KB, White RL, Moyes I, Peralta L, et al. An internet-supported school physical activity intervention in low socioeconomic status communities: results from the Activity and Motivation in Physical Education (AMPED) cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2019;53:341-7. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2583-7] - DOI - PubMed
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Luepker 1996 {published data only}
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Madsen 2015 {published data only}
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Magnusson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hrafnkelsson H, Magnusson KT, Thorsdottir I, Johannsson E, Sigurdsson EL. Result of school-based intervention on cardiovascular risk factors. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2014;32(4):149-55. - PMC - PubMed
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Martinez‐Vizcaino 2014 {published data only}
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Melnyk 2013 {published data only}
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Müller 2019 {published data only}
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Muros 2015 {published data only}
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Neumark‐Sztainer 2010 {published data only}
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Okely 2011 {published data only}
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Ordóñez Dios 2019 {published data only}
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Pablos 2018 {published data only}
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Peralta 2009 {published data only}
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Resaland 2016 {published data only}
    1. Aadland KN, Moe VF, Aadland E, Anderssen SA, Resaland GK, Ommundsen Y. Relationships between physical activity, sedentary time, aerobic fitness, motor skills and executive function and academic performance in children. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2017;12:10-8.
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Sacchetti 2013 {published data only}
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Santos 2014 {published data only}
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Seibert 2019 {published data only}
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Siegrist 2013 {published data only}
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Simon 2004 {published data only}
    1. Simon C, Schweitzer B, Oujaa M, Wagner A, Arveiler D, Triby E, et al. Successful overweight prevention in adolescents by increasing physical activity: a 4-year randomized controlled intervention. [Erratum appears in International Journal of Obesity 2008;32(10):1606]. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32(10):1489-98. - PubMed
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    1. Simon C, Wagner A, Platat C, Arveiler D, Schweitzer B, Schlienger JL, et al. ICAPS: a multilevel program to improve physical activity in adolescents. Diabetes & Metabolism 2006;32(1):41-9. - PubMed
Stone 2003 {published data only}
    1. Caballero B, Clay T, Davis SM, Ethelbah B, Rock BH, Lohman T, et al. Pathways: a school-based, randomized controlled trial for the prevention of obesity in American Indian school children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2003;78(5):1030-8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Caballero B, Clay TE, Davis SM, Ethelbah R, Holyrock B, Lohman TG, et al. The Pathways obesity prevention study: overview of design and measurements. FASEB Journal 2001;15(5):A1091.
    1. Caballero B, Davis SM, Davis CE, Ethelbah R, Evans MA, Lohman TG, et al. Pathways: a school-based program for the primary prevention of obesity in American Indian children. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 1998;9(9):535-43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Davis CE, Hunsberger S, Murray DM, Fabsitz RR, Himes JH, Stephenson LK, et al. Design and statistical analysis for the Pathways study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1999;69(4 Suppl):S760-3. - PubMed
    1. Davis SM. Pathways curriculum and family interventions to promote healthful eating and physical activity in American Indian schoolchildren. Preventive Medicine 2003;37(6 Pt 2):S24-34. - PMC - PubMed
Suchert 2015 {published data only}
    1. Isensee B, Suchert V, Hansen J, Weisser B, Hanewinkel R. Effects of a school-based pedometer intervention in adolescents: 1-year follow-up of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of School Health 2018;88(10):717-24. - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B, Lauft Study Group. Sedentary behavior, depressed affect, and indicators of mental well-being in adolescence: does the screen only matter for girls? Journal of Adolescence 2015;42:50-8. - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B. Longitudinal relationships of fitness, physical activity, and weight status with academic achievement in adolescents. Journal of School Health 2016;86(10):734-41. - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Hanewinkel R, Isensee B. Screen time, weight status and the self-concept of physical attractiveness in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 2016;48:11e17. - PubMed
    1. Suchert V, Isensee B, Hansen J, Johannsen M, Krieger C, Müller K, et al. “Läuft.” - a school-based multi-component program to establish a physically active lifestyle in adolescence: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013;14(1):416. - PMC - PubMed
Sutherland 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hollis JL, Campbell R, Morgan L, Lubans P, Nathan D, Wolfenden N, et al. A socio-ecologically framed, school-based physical activity intervention has beneficial effects on obesity outcomes in adolescents from low SES communities: the PA4E1 RCT. Obesity Facts 2015;8:110.
    1. Hollis JL, Sutherland R, Campbell L, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Nathan N, et al. Effects of a 'school-based' physical activity intervention on adiposity in adolescents from economically disadvantaged communities: secondary outcomes of the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' RCT. International Journal of Obesity 2016;40(10):1486-93. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Mclaughlin M, Duff J, Sutherland R, Campbell E, Wolfenden L, Wiggers J. Protocol for a mixed methods process evaluation of a hybrid implementation-effectiveness trial of a scaled-up whole-school physical activity program for adolescents: Physical Activity 4 Everyone (PA4E1). Trials 2020;21:268. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Okely AD, Nathan N, et al. 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' school-based intervention to prevent decline in adolescent physical activity levels: 12 month (mid-intervention) report on a cluster randomised trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2016;50(8):488-95. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Okely AD, Nathan N, et al. A cluster randomised trial of a school-based intervention to prevent decline in adolescent physical activity levels: study protocol for the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' trial. BMC Public Health 2013;13:57. - PMC - PubMed
Sutherland 2017 {published data only}
    1. Sutherland RL, Nathan NK, Lubans DR, Cohen K, Davies LJ, Desmet C, et al. An RCT to facilitate implementation of school practices known to increase physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;53(6):818-28. - PubMed
Tarp 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bugge A, Tarp J, Østergaard L, Domazet SL, Andersen LB, Froberg K. LCoMotion – Learning, Cognition and Motion; a multicomponent cluster randomized school-based intervention aimed at increasing learning and cognition - rationale, design and methods. BMC Public Health 2014;14:967. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Tarp J, Domazet SL, Froberg K, Hillman CH, Andersen LB, Bugge A. Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on cognitive performance in Danish adolescents: LCoMotion-Learning, Cognition and Motion - a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0158087. - PMC - PubMed
Ten Hoor 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ten Hoor GA, Rutten GM, Van Breukelen GVP, Kok G, Ruiter RAC, Meijer K, et al. Strength exercises during physical education classes in secondary schools improve body composition: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2018;15(1):92. - PMC - PubMed
Thivel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Thivel D, Isacco L, Lazaar N, Aucouturier J, Ratel S, Dore E, et al. Effect of a 6-month school-based physical activity program on body composition and physical fitness in lean and obese schoolchildren. European Journal of Pediatrics 2011;170(11):1435-43. - PubMed
Toftager 2014 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Boyle E, Kristensen PL, Troelsen J. Effect of a school environment intervention on adolescent adiposity and physical fitness. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2013;23:e381-9. - PubMed
    1. Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Ersbøll AK, Troelsen J. Effects of a Danish multicomponent physical activity intervention on active school transport. Journal of Transport and Health 2014;1:174-81.
    1. Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Pawlowski CS, Andersen HB, Ersbøll AK, Troelsen J. Schoolyard upgrade in a randomized controlled study design - how are school interventions associated with adolescents’ perception of opportunities and recess physical activity. Health Education Research 2017;32(1):58-68. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Toftager M, Christiansen LB, Ersboll AK, Kristensen PL, Due P, Troelsen J. Intervention effects on adolescent physical activity in the multicomponent SPACE study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2014;9(6):e99369. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Toftager M, Christiansen LB, Kristensen PL, Troelsen J. SPACE for physical activity - a multicomponent intervention study: study design and baseline findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:777. - PMC - PubMed
Torbeyns 2017 {published data only}
    1. Torbeyns T, Geus B, Bailey S, Decroix L, Van Cutsem J, De Pauw K, et al. Bike desks in the classroom: energy expenditure, physical health, cognitive performance, brain functioning, and academic performance. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2017;14(6):429-39. - PubMed
Trevino 2004 {published data only}
    1. Trevino RP, Yin Z, Hernandez A, Hale DE, Garcia OA, Mobley C. Impact of the Bienestar school-based diabetes mellitus prevention program on fasting capillary glucose levels: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2004;158(9):911-7. - PMC - PubMed
Walter 1988 {published data only}
    1. Walter HJ, Hofman A, Barrett LT, Connelly PA, Kost KL, Walk EH, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease among children: three year results of a randomized intervention trial. In: Hetzel B, Berenson GS, editors(s). Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood: Epidemiology and Prevention. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division), 1987:161-81.
    1. Walter HJ, Hofman A, Connelly PA, Barrett LT, Kost KL. Coronary heart disease prevention in childhood: one-year results of a randomized intervention study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1986;2(4):239-45. - PubMed
    1. Walter HJ, Hofman A, Connelly PA, Barrett LT, Kost KL. Primary prevention of chronic disease in childhood: changes in risk factors after one year of intervention. American Journal of Epidemiology 1985;122(5):772-81. - PubMed
    1. Walter HJ, Hofman A, Vaughan RD, Wynder EL. Modification of risk factors for coronary heart disease: five-year results of a school-based intervention trial. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318(17):1093-100. - PubMed
    1. Walter HJ, Wynder EL. The development, implementation, evaluation and future directions of a chronic disease prevention program for children: the "know your body" studies. Preventive Medicine 1989;18(1):59-71. - PubMed
Walther 2009 {published data only}
    1. Walther C, Gaede L, Adams V, Gelbrich G, Leichtle A, Erbs S, et al. Effect of increased exercise in school children on physical fitness and endothelial progenitor cells: a prospective randomized trial. Circulation 2009;120(22):2251-9. - PubMed
Wang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gutin B, Yin Z, Johnson M, Barbeau P. Preliminary findings of the effect of a 3-year after-school physical activity intervention on fitness and body fat: the Medical College of Georgia Fitkid Project. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2008;3:3-9. - PubMed
    1. Wang LY, Gutin B, Barbeau P, Moore J, Hanes J, Johnson M, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a school-based obesity prevention program. Journal of School Health 2008;78(12):619-24. - PubMed
    1. Yin Z, Gutin B, Johnson MB, Hanes J, Moore JB, Cavnar M, et al. An environmental approach to obesity prevention in children: Medical College of Georgia FitKid project year 1 results. Obesity Research 2005;13(12):2153-61. - PubMed
    1. Yin Z, Hanes J, Moore JB, Humbles P, Barbeau P, Gutin B. An after-school physical activity program for obesity prevention in children: the Medical College of Georgia FitKid project. Evaluation & The Health Professions 2005;28(1):67-89. - PubMed
    1. Yin Z, Moore JB, Johnson MH, Barbeau P, Cavnar M, Thornburg J, Gutin B. The Medical College of Georgia Fitkid project: the relations between program attendance and changes in outcomes in year 1. International Journal of Obesity 2005;Suppl 2:S40-5. - PubMed
Webber 2008 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, Lytle L, Sallis JF, Young DR, Steckler A, Simons-Morton D. A description of the social–ecological framework used in the Trial of Activity for adolescent Girls (TAAG). Health Education Research 2007;22(2):155-65. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Elder JP, Shuler L, Moe SG, Grieser M, Pratt C, Cameron S, et al. Recruiting a diverse group of middle school girls Into the trial of activity for adolescent girls. Journal of School Health 2008;78(10):523-31. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lytle LA, Murray DM, Evenson KR, Moody J, Pratt CA, Metcalfe L, et al. Mediators affecting girls' levels of physical activity outside of school: findings from the Trial of Activity in Adolescent Girls. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009;38(2):124-36. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McKenzie TL, Catellier DJ, Conway T, Lytle LA, Grieser M, Webber LA, et al. Girls' activity levels and lesson contexts in middle school physical education: TAAG baseline. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2006;38(7):1229-35. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moe SG, Pickrel J, McKenzie TL, Strikmiller PK, Coombs D, Murrie D. Using school-level interviews to develop a multisite PE intervention program. Health Education & Behavior 2006;33:52-65. - PMC - PubMed
Weeks 2008 {published data only}
    1. Weeks BK, Young CM, Beck BR. Eight months of regular in-school jumping improves indices of bone strength in adolescent boys and girls: the POWER PE study. Journal of Bone & Mineral Research 2008;23(7):1002-11. - PubMed
Williamson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Williamson DA, Copeland AL, Anton SD, Champagne C, Han H, Lewis L, et al. Wise Mind project: a school-based environmental approach for preventing weight gain in children. Obesity 2007;15(4):906-17. - PubMed
Wilson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wilson DK, Van Horn ML, Kitzman-Ulrich H, Saunders R, Pate R, Lawman HG, et al. Results of the "Active by Choice Today" (ACT) randomized trial for increasing physical activity in low-income and minority adolescents. Health Psychology 2011;30(4):463-71. - PMC - PubMed
Young 2006 {published data only}
    1. Young DR, Phillips JA, Yu T, Haythornthwaite JA. Effects of a life skills intervention for increasing physical activity in adolescent girls. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006;160(12):1255-61. - PubMed
Zhou 2019 {published data only}ChiCTR‐IOR‐14005388
    1. Zhou Z, Dong S, Yin J, Fu Q, Ren H, Yin Z. Improving physical fitness and cognitive functions in middle school students: study protocol for the Chinese Childhood Health, Activity and Motor Performance Study (Chinese CHAMPS). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018;15(5):E976. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhou Z, Li S, Yin J, Fu Q, Ren H, Jin T, et al. Impact on physical fitness of the Chinese CHAMPS: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16:4412. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abdukić 2015 {published data only}
    1. Abdukić M. Effects of programmed physical activity on body fat and BMI in female high school students. Homo Sporticus 2015;17(2):20-4.
Aceves‐Martins 2017 {published data only}
    1. Aceves-Martins M, Llaurado E, Tarro L, Morina D, Papell-Garcia I, Prades-Tena J, et al. A school-based, peer-led, social marketing intervention to engage Spanish adolescents in a healthy lifestyle ("We are cool"-som la pera study): a parallel-cluster randomized controlled study. Childhood Obesity 2017;13(4):300-13. - PubMed
ACTRN12619000091101 {published data only}
    1. A school-based intervention to promote physical activity among adolescents. 2019. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000091101.
ACTRN12619000431123 {published data only}
    1. A technology-based program to promote healthy lifestyles among secondary school students. 2019. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000431123.
ACTRN12619000457145 {published data only}
    1. Work-HIIT: a time efficient work-place physical activity program. WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform 2019. [ACTRN12619000457145]
ACTRN12619000766112 {published data only}
    1. Kick-Smart: promoting academic achievement, fitness and well-being in primary school-aged children. 2019. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000766112.
ACTRN12619000854134 {published data only}
    1. The effectiveness of integrating unstructured play activities into school-based curriculum with mindfulness-based intervention on improving children's physical, social and emotional wellbeing: a cluster randomized controlled trial. 2019. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12619000854134.
ACTRN12619001229167 {published data only}
    1. Preparing an effective school-based physical activity implementation strategy for scale-up: a randomized noninferiority trial. WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform 2019. [ACTRN12619001229167]
Adab 2014 {published data only}ISRCTN51016370
    1. Adab P, Pallan MJ, Cade J, Ekelund U, Barrett T, Daley A, et al. Preventing childhood obesity, phase II feasibility study focusing on South Asians: BEACHeS. BMJ Open 2014;4(4):e004579. - PMC - PubMed
Adkins 2017 {published data only}
    1. Adkins M, Bice MR, Heelan K, Ball J. Enhancing physical education with a supplemental physical activity program. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance 2017;88(8):28-34.
Adsiz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Adsiz E, Dorak F, Ozsaker M, Vurgun N. The influence of physical activity on attention in Turkish children. Healthmed 2012;6(4):1384-9.
Agurto 2018 {published data only}
    1. Agurto KP, Carrasco-Alarcon V, Salazar CM. Efficacy of a high-intensity interval training program in corporal variables modification on preadolescent schoolchildren of a school in the city of Temuco, Chile. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Humana y Dietetica 2018;22(2):149-56.
Aittasalo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Aittasalo M, Jussila AM, Tokola K, Sievanen H, Vaha-Ypya H, Vasankari T. Kids Out: evaluation of a brief multimodal cluster randomized intervention integrated in health education lessons to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behavior among eighth graders. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):415. - PMC - PubMed
Akdemir 2017 {published data only}
    1. Akdemir M, Donmez L, Polat H. The effect of nutritional and physical activity interventions on nutritional status and obesity in primary school children: a cluster randomized controlled study. Kuwait Medical Journal 2017;49(2):105-13.
Aleksić 2013 {published data only}
    1. Aleksić D, Stanković S, Milenković V, Lilić L. The examination of the effects of the rhythmic teaching of physical education on speed of 9-10 years old girls [Efekat primene elemenata ritmiäœke gimnastike na razvoj brzine kod devojäœica starosti 9 i 10 godina.]. Sport Mont 2013;37:426-31.
    1. Aleksić D, Stanković S, Milenkovic V. Examination of effects of rhythmic gymnastics on balance development at the school classes of young elementary school female pupils. Sport Mont 2013;37:432-5.
Alexander 2014 {published data only}
    1. Alexander A, Grant WL, Pedrino KJ, Lyons PE. A prospective multifactorial intervention on subpopulations of predominately Hispanic children at high risk for obesity. Obesity 2014;22(1):249-53. - PubMed
Alievi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Alievi MM, Santin DRC, Portal TP, Campos P. P6140 Health education program at the “happy life, healthy heart” school: a randomized clinical trial. European Heart Journal 2019;40:3752.
Allara 2018 {published data only}
    1. Allara E, Angelini P, Gorini G, Bosi S, Carreras G, Gozzi C, et al. A prevention program for multiple health-compromising behaviors in adolescence: baseline results from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2015;71:20-6. - PubMed
    1. Allara E, Beccaria F, Molinar R, Marinaro L, Ermacora A, Coppo A, Diario della Salute Evaluation Support Team. A school‑based program to promote well‑being in preadolescents: results from a cluster quasi‑experimental controlled study. Journal of Primary Prevention 2019;40(2):151-80. - PMC - PubMed
Almas 2013 {published data only}
    1. Almas A, Islam M, Jafar TH. School based physical activity program in adolescent girls (9-11 years); a feasibility trial in Karachi, Pakistan. In: Circulation. Vol. 125. 2012:E707.
    1. Almas A, Islam M, Jafar TH. School-based physical activity programme in preadolescent girls (9-11 years): a feasibility trial in Karachi, Pakistan. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2013;98(7):515-9. - PubMed
Androutsos 2014 {published data only}
    1. Androutsos O, Katsarou C, Payr A, Birnbaum J, Geyer C, Wildgruber A, et al. Designing and implementing teachers' training sessions in a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention to prevent obesity in early childhood. The ToyBox-study. Obesity Reviews 2014;15 Suppl 3:48-52. - PubMed
Annesi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Annesi JJ, Vaughn LL. Evidence-based referral: effects of the revised "Youth Fit 4 Life" protocol on physical activity outputs. Permanente Journal 2015;19(3):48-53. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Annesi JJ, Walsh SM, Greenwood BL, Mareno N, Unruh-Rewkowski JL. Effects of the Youth Fit 4 Life physical activity/nutrition protocol on body mass index, fitness and targeted social cognitive theory variables in 9- to 12-year-olds during after-school care. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2017;53(4):365-73. - PubMed
Anselma 2019 {published data only}
    1. Anselma M, Altenburg T, Chinapaw M. Kids in Action: the protocol of a Youth Participatory Action Research project to promote physical activity and dietary behaviour. BMJ Open 2019;9(3):e025584. - PMC - PubMed
Araujo‐Soares 2009a {published data only}
    1. Araujo-Soares V, McIntyre T, MacLennan G, Sniehotta FF. Development and exploratory cluster-randomised opportunistic trial of a theory-based intervention to enhance physical activity among adolescents. Psychology & Health 2009;24(7):805-22. - PubMed
Ardic 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ardic A, Erdogan S. The effectiveness of the COPE healthy lifestyles TEEN program: a school-based intervention in middle school adolescents with 12-month follow-up. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2017;73(6):1377-89. - PubMed
Arlinghaus 2017 {published data only}
    1. Arlinghaus KR, Moreno JP, Reesor L, Hernandez DC, Johnston CA. Companeros: high school students mentor middle school students to address obesity among Hispanic adolescents. Preventing Chronic Disease 2017;14:E92. - PMC - PubMed
Armstrong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Armstrong T, Lee HM, Napper-Owen G. Developing a before-school physical activity club: start with a power-walking program. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance 2016;87(9):42-7.
Ashanin 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ashanin V, Filenko L, Pasko V, Tserkovna O, Filenko I, Poltoratskaya A, et al. Implementation practices of the Rugby-5 into the physical education of schoolchildren 12-13 years old using information technology. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 2018;18(2):762-8.
Åvitsland 2020 {published data only}
    1. Åvitsland A, Ohna SE, Dyrstad SM, Tjomsland HE, Lerum Ø, Leibinger E. The process evaluation of a school-based physical activity intervention: influencing factors and potential consequences of implementation. Health Education 2020;120(2):121-39.
Babic 2016 {published data only}
    1. Babic M, Morgan P, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff R, Eather N, Skinner G, et al. Intervention to reduce recreational screen-time in adolescents: outcomes and mediators from the 'Switch-off 4 Healthy Minds' (S4HM) cluster randomized controlled trial. In: Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport. Vol. 20. 2017:e5. - PubMed
    1. Babic MJ, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Eather N, et al. Intervention to reduce recreational screen-time in adolescents: outcomes and mediators from the 'Switch-Off 4 Healthy Minds' (S4HM) cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;91:50-7. [ACTRN12614000163606] - PubMed
Bacardi‐Gascon 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bacardi-Gascon M, Perez-Morales ME, Jimenez-Cruz A. A six month randomized school intervention and an 18-month follow-up intervention to prevent childhood obesity in Mexican elementary schools. Nutricion Hospitalaria 2012;27(3):755-62. - PubMed
Bailey 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bailey CG, DiPerna JC. Effects of classroom-based energizers on primary grade students' physical activity levels. Physical Educator 2015;72(3):480-95.
Baranowski 2019 {published data only}
    1. Baranowski T, Baranowski J, Chen T, Buday R, Beltran A, Dadabhoy H, et al. Videogames that encourage healthy behavior did not alter fasting insulin or other diabetes risks in children: randomized clinical trial. Games for Health Journal 2019;8(4):257-64. - PMC - PubMed
Barbosa 2015 {published data only}
    1. Barbosa Filho VC, da Silva KS, Mota J, Beck C, da Silva Lopes A. A physical activity intervention for Brazilian students from low human development index areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13:1174-82. [CENTRAL: NCT0243982] - PubMed
    1. Barbosa Filho VC, Lopes AS, Lima AB, Souza EA, Gubert FA, Silva KS, et al. Rationale and methods of a cluster-randomized controlled trial to promote active and healthy lifestyles among Brazilian students: the "Fortaleca sua Saude" program. BMC Public Health 2015;15:1212. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barbosa VC, da Silva KS, Mota J, Cunha Vieira VF, do Amaral Gubert D, da Silva Lopes A. “For whom was it effective?” Moderators of the effect of a school-based intervention on potential physical activity determinants among Brazilian students. Preventive Medicine 2017;97:80-5. [CENTRAL: NCT02439827] - PubMed
Barbosa Filho 2019 {published data only}
    1. Barbosa Filho VC, Bandeira AD, Minatto G, Linard JG, Silva JA, Costa RM, et al. Effect of a multicomponent intervention on lifestyle factors among Brazilian adolescents from low human development index areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(2):E267. - PMC - PubMed
Barr‐Anderson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Barr-Anderson DJ, Laska MN, Veblen-Mortenson S, Farbakhsh K, Dudovitz B, Story M. A school-based, peer leadership physical activity intervention for 6th graders: feasibility and results of a pilot study. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2012;9(4):492-9. - PMC - PubMed
Barrett‐Williams 2017 {published data only}
    1. Barrett-Williams SL, Franks P, Kay C, Meyer A, Cornett K, Mosier B. Bridging public health and education: results of a school-based physical activity program to increase student fitness. Public Health Reports 2017;132(2 Suppl):81S-7S. - PMC - PubMed
Bartholomew 2018 {published data only}
    1. Assessing impact of active learning on student outcomes: Texas Initiatives for Children's Activity and Nutrition (ICAN). 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03087279.
    1. Bartholomew JB, Golaszewski NM, Jowers E, Korinek E, Roberts G, Fall A, et al. Active learning improves on-task behaviors in 4th grade children. Preventive Medicine 2018;111:49-54. [CENTRAL: NCT03087279] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bartholomew JB, Jowers E, Roberts G, Fall A, Errisuriz VL, Vaughn S. Active learning increases children's physical activity across demographic subgroups. Translational Journal of the ACSM 2018;3(1):1-9. [CENTRAL: NCT03087279] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bartholomew JB, Jowers EM, Errisuriz VL, Vaughn S, Roberts G. A cluster randomized control trial to assess the impact of active learning on child activity, attention control, and academic outcomes: the Texas I-CAN trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2017;61:81-6. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bartholomew JB, Jowers EM. Physically active academic lessons in elementary children. Preventive Medicine 2011;52 Suppl 1:S51-4. - PMC - PubMed
Barton 2015 {published data only}
    1. Barton J, Sandercock G, Pretty J, Wood C. The effect of playground- and nature-based playtime interventions on physical activity and self-esteem in UK school children. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2015;25(2):196-206. - PubMed
Batistão 2019 {published data only}
    1. Batistão MV, Carnaz L, Moreira RFCarreira, Sato TO. Effects of a muscular stretching and strengthening school-based exercise program on posture, trunk mobility, and musculoskeletal pain among elementary schoolchildren - a randomized controlled trial. Fisioterapia em Movimento 2019;32(1):1‐13.
Bechter 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bechter NE, Dimmock JA, Jackson B. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to improve student experiences in physical education: results of a student-centered learning intervention with high school teachers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2019;45:101553.
Bechter 2019a {published data only}
    1. Bechter BE, Dimmock JA, Jackson B. A cluster-randomized controlled trial to improve student experiences in physical education: results of a student-centered learning intervention with high school teachers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2019;45.
Beets 2014 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Glenn Weaver R, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Freedman DA, et al. Making healthy eating and physical activity policy practice: the design and overview of a group randomized controlled trial in afterschool programs. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;38(2):291-303. - PMC - PubMed
Beets 2015 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Pate RR, et al. Making policy practice in afterschool programs: a randomized controlled trial on physical activity changes. American Jouranl of Preventive Medicine 2015;48(6):694-706. - PMC - PubMed
Beets 2016 {published data only}
    1. Beets MW, Weaver RG, Turner-McGrievy G, Huberty J, Ward DS, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity outcomes in afterschool programs: a group randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;90:207-15. - PMC - PubMed
Belansky 2016 {published data only}
    1. Belansky ES, Cutforth N, Kern B, Scarbro S. Disseminating evidence-based physical education practices in rural schools: the San Luis Valley Physical Education Academy. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(9):1002-9. - PubMed
Bell 2019 {published data only}
    1. Bell MJ, Zeiler M, Herrero R, Kuso S, Nitsch M, Etchemendy E, et al. Healthy Teens @ School: evaluating and disseminating transdiagnostic preventive interventions for eating disorders and obesity for adolescents in school settings. Internet Interventions 2019;16:65-75. - PMC - PubMed
Benden 2011 {published data only}
    1. Benden ME, Blake JJ, Wendel ML, Huber JC. The impact of stand-biased desks in classrooms on calorie expenditure in children. American Journal of Public Health 2011;101(8):1433-6. - PMC - PubMed
Benden 2014 {published data only}
    1. Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey CE, Wendel ML, Blake JJ. The evaluation of the impact of a stand-biased desk on energy expenditure and physical activity for elementary school students. International Journal of Environvironmental Research and Public Health 2014;11(9):9361-75. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wendel ML, Benden ME, Zhao H, Jeffrey C. Stand-biased versus seated classrooms and childhood obesity: a randomized experiment in Texas. American Journal of Public Health 2016;106(10):1849-54. - PMC - PubMed
Berger‐Jenkins 2014 {published data only}
    1. Berger-Jenkins E, Rausch J, Okah E, Tsao D, Nieto A, Lyda E, et al. Evaluation of a coordinated school-based obesity prevention program in a Hispanic community: choosing healthy and active lifestyles for kids/healthy schools healthy families. American Journal of Health Education 2014;45(5):261-70.
Beyler 2014 {published data only}
    1. Beyler N, Bleeker M, James-Burdumy S, Fortson J, Benjamin M. The impact of Playworks on students' physical activity during recess: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2014;69 Suppl 1:S20-6. - PubMed
Bhave 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bhave S, Pandit A, Yeravdekar R, Madkaikar V, Chinchwade T, Shaikh N, et al. Effectiveness of a 5-year school-based intervention programme to reduce adiposity and improve fitness and lifestyle in Indian children; the SYM-KEM study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2016;101(1):33-41. - PMC - PubMed
Biddle 2015 {published data only}
    1. Biddle SJH, Edwardson CL, Wilmot EG, Yates T, Gorely T, Bodicoat DH, et al. A randomised controlled trial to reduce sedentary time in young adults at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Project Stand (sedentary time and diabetes). PLoS One 2015;10(12):e0143398. - PMC - PubMed
Bilak‐Moconja 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bilak-Moconja G, Dobraš R, Tadić G, Kukrić A, Petrović B, Stojanović D. The teacher as a factor of improving the effects of physical education classes among younger school age children [Nastavnik kao faktor poboljšanja efekata nastave fizičkog vaspitanja učenika mlađeg školskog uzrasta]. SportLogia 2018;14(1):107-15.
Blaes 2013 {published data only}
    1. Blaes A, Ridgers ND, Aucouturier J, Van Praagh E, Berthoin S, Baquet G. Effects of a playground marking intervention on school recess physical activity in French children. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(5):580-4. - PubMed
Bleeker 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bleeker M, Beyler N, James-Burdumy S, Fortson J. The impact of Playworks on boys' and girls' physical activity during recess. Journal of School Health 2015;85(3):171-8. - PubMed
Bogart 2016 {published data only}
    1. Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Cowgill BO, Klein DJ, Hawes-Dawson J, Uyeda K, et al. Two-year BMI outcomes from a school-based intervention for nutrition and exercise: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2016;137(5):e20152493. - PMC - PubMed
Bonnema 2020 {published data only}
    1. Bonnema J, Coetzee DÉ, Lennox A. Effect of a three-month HOPSports Brain Breaks® intervention programme on the attitudes of Grade 6 learners towards physical activities and fitness in South Africa. Journal of Physical Education & Sport 2020;20(1):196-205.
Bonsergent 2013 {published data only}
    1. Bonsergent E, Agrinier N, Thilly N, Tessier S, Legrand K, Lecomte E, et al. Overweight and obesity prevention for adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial in a school setting. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;44(1):30-9. - PubMed
Brandstetter 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brandstetter S, Klenk J, Berg S, Galm C, Fritz M, Peter R, et al. Overweight prevention implemented by primary school teachers: a randomised controlled trial. Obesity Facts 2012;5(1):1-11. - PubMed
Braun 2017 {published data only}
    1. Braun HA, Kay CM, Cheung P, Weiss PS, Gazmararian JA. Impact of an elementary school-based intervention on physical activity time and aerobic capacity, Georgia, 2013-2014. Public Health Reports 2017;132(2 Suppl):24S-32S. - PMC - PubMed
Bremer 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bremer E, Graham JD, Veldhuizen S, Cairney J. A program evaluation of an in-school daily physical activity initiative for children and youth. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):1023. - PMC - PubMed
Brill 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brill MF, Kinsey J, Hughes L, Cirignano S, Grenci A, Morgan K. Examining the effects of activity bursts and pedometers in the elementary school classroom. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2012;44(4):S46.
Bronikowski 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bronikowski M, Bronikowska M. Will they stay fit and healthy? A three-year follow-up evaluation of a physical activity and health intervention in Polish youth. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2011;39(7):704-13. - PubMed
Brusseau 2016 {published data only}
    1. Brusseau TA, Hannon J, Burns R. The effect of a comprehensive school physical activity program on physical activity and health-related fitness in children from low-income families. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(8):888-94. - PubMed
Buchan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Buchan DS, Young JD, Simpson AD, Thomas NE, Cooper SM, Baker JS. The effects of a novel high intensity exercise intervention on established markers of cardiovascular disease and health in Scottish adolescent youth. Journal of Public Health Research 2012;1(2):155-7. - PMC - PubMed
Bugge 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bugge A, El-Naaman B, Dencker M, Froberg K, Holme I M, McMurray RG, et al. Effects of a three-year intervention: the Copenhagen School Child Intervention Study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2012;44(7):1310-7. - PubMed
Bundy 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bundy A, Engelen L, Wyver S, Tranter P, Ragen J, Bauman A, et al. Sydney Playground Project: a cluster-randomized trial to increase physical activity, play, and social skills. Journal of School Health 2017;87(10):751-9. - PubMed
Bungum 2014 {published data only}
    1. Bungum TJ, Clark S, Aguilar B. The effect of an active transport to school intervention at a suburban elementary school. American Journal of Health Education 2014;45(4):205-9.
Bunketorp 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bunketorp Käll L, Malmgren H, Olsson E, Lindén T, Nilsson M. Effects of a curricular physical activity intervention on children's school performance, wellness, and brain development. Journal of School Health 2015;85(10):704-13. - PubMed
Burguera 2011 {published data only}
    1. Burguera B, Colom A, Pinero E, Yanez A, Caimari M, Tur J, et al. ACTYBOSS: activity, behavioral therapy in young subjects - after-school intervention pilot project on obesity prevention. Obesity Facts 2011;4(5):400-6. - PMC - PubMed
Burns 2015 {published data only}
    1. Burns RD, Brusseau TA, Hannon JC. Effect of a comprehensive school physical activity program on school day step counts in children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2015;12(12):1536-42. - PubMed
Bustos 2016 {published data only}32136790
    1. Bustos N, Olivares S, Leyton B, Cano M, Albala C. Impact of a school-based intervention on nutritional education and physical activity in primary public schools in Chile (KIND) programme study protocol: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1217. - PMC - PubMed
Børrestad 2012 {published data only}
    1. Børrestad LAB, Østergaard L, Andersen LB, Bere E. Experiences from a randomised, controlled trial on cycling to school: does cycling increase cardiorespiratory fitness? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2012;40(3):245-52. - PubMed
Calvert 2018 {published data only}
    1. Calvert HG, Mahar MT, Flay B, Turner L. Classroom-based physical activity: minimizing disparities in school-day physical activity among elementary school students. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2018;15(3):161-8. - PubMed
Cao 2015 {published data only}
    1. Cao ZJ, Wang SM, Chen Y. A randomized trial of multiple interventions for childhood obesity in China. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;48(5):552-60. - PubMed
Cao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Cao Z, Hua J, Zhang D, Thapa J R, Wang S. A cohort study assessing the sustainable long-term effectiveness of a childhood-obesity intervention in China. International Journal of Epidemiology 2019;48(1):108-15. - PubMed
Castelli 2014 {published data only}
    1. Castelli DM, Centeio EE, Beighle AE, Carson RL, Nicksic HM. Physical literacy and comprehensive school physical activity programs. Preventive Medicine 2014;66:95-100. - PubMed
Centis 2012 {published data only}
    1. Centis E, Marzocchi R, Di Luzio R, Moscatiello S, Salardi S, Villanova N, et al. A controlled, class-based multicomponent intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and to reduce the burden of childhood obesity. Pediatric Obesity 2012;7(6):436-45. - PubMed
Chase 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chase B, Hall M, Brusseau TA. Impact of goal setting on physical activity in physical education. Journal of Physical Education and Sport 2018;18(2):757-61.
Chen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Chen S, Zhu X, Androzzi J, Nam YH. Evaluation of a concept-based physical education unit for energy balance education. Journal of Sport and Health Science 2016;22:353-62. - PMC - PubMed
Chillon 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chillon P, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Martinez-Gomez D, Vicente-Rodriguez G, et al. Active commuting and physical activity in adolescents from Europe: results from the HELENA study. Pediatric Exercise Science 2011;23(2):207-17. - PubMed
Christiansen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Troelsen J. Can schoolyard improvements increase physical activity for the least active students, or just provide better opportunities for the most active? Science & Sports 2014;29:S52.
Cichy 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cichy I, Rokita A. The use of the 'Eduball' educational ball in rural and urban primary schools and the physical fitness levels of children. Human Movement 2012;13(3):247-57.
Clapham 2015 {published data only}
    1. Clapham ED, Sullivan EC, Ciccomascolo LE. Effects of a physical education supportive curriculum and technological devices on physical activity. Physical Educator 2015;72(1):102-16.
Clemes 2020 {published data only}
    1. Clemes SA, Bingham DD, Pearson N, Chen YL, Edwardson CL, McEachan RRC, et al. Stand Out in Class: restructuring the classroom environment to reduce sitting time - findings from a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2020;17(1):55. - PMC - PubMed
Coknaz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Coknaz D, Mirzeoglu AD, Atasoy HI, Alkoy S, Coknaz H, Goral K. A digital movement in the world of inactive children: favourable outcomes of playing active video games in a pilot randomized trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2019;178(10):1567-76. - PubMed
Colin‐Ramirez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Colin-Ramirez E, Castillo-Martinez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Vergara A, Villa AR. Impact of a school-based intervention to cardiovascular risk factors prevention (RESCATE) on physical activity and diet in Mexican children aged 8-10 years [Efecto de una intervencion escolar basada en actividad fisica y dieta para la prevencion de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (RESCATE) en ninos mexicanos de 8 a 10 anos]. Revista Espanola de Nutricion Comunitaria 2009;15(2):71-80.
    1. Colin-Ramirez E, Castillo-Martinez L, Orea-Tejeda A, Vergara-Castaneda A, Keirns-Davis C, Villa-Romero A. Outcomes of a school-based intervention (RESCATE) to improve physical activity patterns in Mexican children aged 8-10 years. Health Education Research 2010;25(6):1042-9. - PubMed
Collins 2014 {published data only}
    1. Collins CE, Dewar DL, Schumacher TL, Finn T, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR. 12 month changes in dietary intake of adolescent girls attending schools in low-income communities following the NEAT Girls cluster randomized controlled trial. Appetite 2014;73:147-55. - PubMed
Costa‐Urrutia 2019 {published data only}
    1. Costa-Urrutia P, Alvarez-Farina R, Abud C, Franco-Trecu V, Esparza-Romero J, Lopez-Morales CM, et al. Effect of multi-component school-based program on body mass index, cardiovascular and diabetes risks in a multi-ethnic study. BMC Pediatrics 2019;19(1):401. - PMC - PubMed
Costigan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Costigan SA, Ridgers ND, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Harris N, Lubans DR. Exploring the impact of high intensity interval training on adolescents' objectively measured physical activity: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Science 2018;36(10):1087-94. - PubMed
CTRI/2019/03/018133 {published data only}
    1. A multicomponent intervention to promote healthy eating habits and physical activity among primary school children of urban Puducherry – a cluster randomized trial. 2019. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=31785.
CTRI/2019/04/018834 {published data only}
    1. Effect of a structured multifactorial program on physical activity levels and body composition in obese and overweight adolescent. 2019. http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=31539.
CTRI/2019/09/021452 {published data only}
    1. To prevent the unhealthy lifestyle choices, as unbalanced diet, physical inactivity, tobacco and alcohol use that leads to various long term diseases later in life, as diabetes and hypertension among school going adolescents, their parents and teachers through an intervention. WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. 2019. [CTRI/2019/09/021452]
Čuljak 2011 {published data only}
    1. Čuljak Z, Ćavar M, Crnjac D, Marić K, Ćorluka M. Effectiveness of the school of gymnastics in 7 years old children [Utjecaj å kole gimnastike na sedmogodiå njake]. Sport Scientific & Practical Aspects 2011;8(2):41-5.
Cunha 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cunha DB, Verly Junior E, Paravidino VB, Araujo MC, Mediano MFF, Sgambato MR, et al. Design of a school randomized trial for nudging students towards healthy diet and physical activity to prevent obesity: PAAPAS Nudge study protocol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(50):e8898. - PMC - PubMed
Cvejić 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cvejić D, Ostojić S. Effects of the FITT program on physical activity and health-related fitness in primary school age children [Efekti fitt programa na fizičku aktivnost i fizičku formu povezanu sa zdravljem dece mlađeg školskog uzrasta]. Physical Education and Sport 2017;15(3):437-51.
D'Haese 2013 {published data only}
    1. D'Haese S, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. Effectiveness and feasibility of lowering playground density during recess to promote physical activity and decrease sedentary time at primary school. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1154. - PMC - PubMed
Dai 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dai CL, Nabors LA, King KA, Vidourek RA, Chen CC, Hoang N, Mastro KG. Evaluation of an afterschool children’s healthy eating and exercise program. International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 2014;3(4):1-8.
Dallolio 2016 {published data only}
    1. Dallolio L, Ceciliani A, Sanna T, Garulli A, Leoni E. Proposal for an enhanced physical education program in the primary school: evaluation of feasibility and effectiveness in improving physical skills and fitness. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(10):1025-34. - PubMed
Danielson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Danielson A, Thorsson O, Karlsson MK, Wollmer P, Andersen LB, Dencker M. School-based study found that physical activity and aerobic fitness predicted increases in total body fat and abdominal fat at a mean age of 9.8 years. Acta Paediatrica 2018;107(10):1810-7. - PubMed
Dannenberg 2018 {published data only}
    1. Dannenberg AL, Huang C, Mendoza Haal JA. Changes in self-efficacy and outcome expectations from child participation in bicycle trains for commuting to and from school. Health Education & Behavior 2018;45(5):748-55. - PMC - PubMed
Darabi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Darabi F, Kaveh MH, Majlessi F, Farahani FKA, Yaseri M, Shojaeizadeh D. Effect of theory-based intervention to promote physical activity among adolescent girls: a randomized control trial. Electron Physician 2017;9(4):4238-47. - PMC - PubMed
da Silva 2013 {published data only}
    1. Silva LSM, Fisberg M, Pires MMD, Nassar SM, Sottovia CB. The effectiveness of a physical activity and nutrition education program in the prevention of overweight in schoolchildren in Criciuma, Brazil. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2013;67(11):1200-4. - PubMed
da Silva Bandeira 2019 {published data only}
    1. da Silva Bandeira A, Silva KS, Bastos JLD, Silva DAS, Lopes ADS, Filho VC Barbosa. Psychosocial mediators of screen time reduction after an intervention for students from schools in vulnerable areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;23(3):264-9. - PubMed
de Araujo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Araujo MP, Barela JA, Celestino MA, Barela AMF. Contribution of different contents of physical education classes in elementary school for the development of basic motor skills. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 2012;18(3):153-7.
de Barros 2009 {published data only}
    1. Barros MV, Nahas MV, Hallal PC, e Farias Junior JC, Florindo AA, Honda de Barros SS. Effectiveness of a school-based intervention on physical activity for high school students in Brazil: the Saude na Boa project. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2009;6(2):163-9. - PubMed
de Greeff 2014 {published data only}
    1. Greeff JW, Hartman E, Mullender-Wijnsma MJ, Bosker RJ, Doolaard S, Visscher C. Physical fitness and academic performance in primary school children with and without a social disadvantage. Health Education Research 2014;29(5):853-60. - PubMed
Del Duca 2014 {published data only}
    1. Del Duca G, Gomes de Barros MV, Samara Silva K, Totaro Garcia LM, Bezerra J, et al. Effectiveness on physical activity indicators of an intervention delivered to high school students [Efetividade em indicadores de atividade física de uma intervenção com estudantes do ensino médio]. Brazilian Journal of Kineanthropometry & Human Performance 2014;16:13-24.
Delgado‐Floody 2018 {published data only}
    1. Delgado-Floody P, Espinoza-Silva M, Garcia-Pinillos F, Latorre-Roman P. Effects of 28 weeks of high-intensity interval training during physical education classes on cardiometabolic risk factors in Chilean schoolchildren: a pilot trial. European Journal of Pediatrics 2018;177(7):1019-27. - PubMed
de Meij 2011 {published data only}
    1. Meij JS, Chinapaw MJ, Stralen MM, Wal MF, Dieren L, Mechelen W. Effectiveness of JUMP-in, a Dutch primary school-based community intervention aimed at the promotion of physical activity. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;45(13):1052-7. - PubMed
de Meij 2013 {published data only}
    1. Meij JS, Wal MF, Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJ. A mixed methods process evaluation of the implementation of JUMP-in, a multilevel school-based intervention aimed at physical activity promotion. Health Promotion and Practice 2013;14(5):777-90. - PubMed
Demetriou 2019a {published data only}
    1. Demetriou Y, Bachner J. A school-based intervention based on self-determination theory to promote girls' physical activity: study protocol of the CReActivity cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):519. - PMC - PubMed
de Souza Santos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Souza Santos D, de Oliveira E, Pereira CA, Evangelista AL, Bocalini DS, Rica RL, et al. Does a calisthenics-based exercise program applied in school improve morphofunctional parameters in youth? Journal of Exercise Physiology Online 2015;18(6):52-61.
Detter 2014 {published data only}
    1. Detter F, Nilsson JA, Karlsson C, Dencker M, Rosengren BE, Karlsson MK. A 3-year school-based exercise intervention improves muscle strength - a prospective controlled population-based study in 223 children. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2014;15:353. - PMC - PubMed
Detter 2014a {published data only}
    1. Detter F, Rosengren BE, Dencker M, Lorentzon M, Nilsson JA, Karlsson MK. A 6-year exercise program improves skeletal traits without affecting fracture risk: a prospective controlled study in 2621 children. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2014;29(6):1325-36. - PubMed
Deutsch 2019 {published data only}
    1. Deutsch J, Waldera R, Mahoney S, Martinez M. Project Fit America's impact on youth fitness levels: second year curriculum. ICHPER-SD Journal of Research 2019;10(2):28-32.
Dewar 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Collins CE, Batterham M, et al. The nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls study: a cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2013;45(3):313-7. - PubMed
Dewar 2014 {published data only}
    1. Dewar DL, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Batterham M, Lubans DR. Exploring changes in physical activity, sedentary behaviors and hypothesized mediators in the NEAT girls group randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2014;17(1):39-46. - PubMed
Dills 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dills AK, Morgan HN, Rotthoff KW. Recess, physical education, and elementary school student outcomes. Economics of Education Review 2011;30(5):889-900.
Dishman 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dishman RK, Motl RK, Saunders R, Felton G, Ward DS, Dowda M. Self-efficacy partially mediates the effect of a school-based physical-activity intervention among adolescent girls. Preventive Medicine 2004;38(5):628-36. - PubMed
    1. Pate RR, Ward DS, Saunders RP. Promotion of physical activity among high-school girls: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Public Health 2005;95:1582-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Saunders RP, Ward D, Felton GM, Dowda M, Pate RR. Examining the link between program implementation and behavior outcomes in the Lifestyle Education for Activity Program (LEAP). Evaluation and Program Planning 2006;29(4):352-63. - PubMed
    1. Ward DS, Saunders R, Felton GM, Williams E, Epping JN, Pate RR. Implementation of a school environment intervention to increase physical activity in high school girls. Health Education Research 2006;21(6):896-910. - PubMed
Duberg 2020 {published data only}
    1. Duberg A, Jutengren G, Hagberg L, Moller M. The effects of a dance intervention on somatic symptoms and emotional distress in adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Interantional Medical Research 2020;48(2):300060520902610. - PMC - PubMed
Ducheyne 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, Cardon G. Effects of a cycle training course on children's cycling skills and levels of cycling to school. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2014;67:49-60. - PubMed
Duncan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Duncan S, McPhee JC, Schluter PJ, Zinn C, Smith R, Schofield G. Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and healthy eating in children: the healthy homework pilot study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:127. - PMC - PubMed
Duncan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Duncan S, Stewart T, McPhee J, Borotkanics R, Prendergast K, Zinn C, et al. Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and improving nutrition in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2019;16(1):80. - PMC - PubMed
Dzewaltowski 2011 {published data only}
    1. Dzewaltowski DA, Geller KS, Rosenkranz RR, Coleman KJ, Welk GJ, Hastmann TJ. HOP'N After-School Project: intervention description and process evaluation of an obesity prevention randomized controlled trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2011;43(5):23.
Dzielska 2020 {published data only}
    1. Dzielska A, Mazur J, Nalecz H, Oblacinska A, Fijalkowska A. Importance of self-efficacy in eating behavior and physical activity change of overweight and non-overweight adolescent girls participating in Healthy Me: a lifestyle intervention with mobile technology. Nutrients 2020;12(7):2128. - PMC - PubMed
Efstathiou 2016 {published data only}
    1. Efstathiou NT, Risvas GS, Theodoraki EMM, Galanaki EP, Zampelas AD. Health education: effects on classroom climate and physical activity. Health Education Journal 2016;75(7):799-810.
Egger 2019 {published data only}
    1. Egger F, Benzing V, Conzelmann A, Schmidt M. Boost your brain, while having a break! The effects of long-term cognitively engaging physical activity breaks on children's executive functions and academic achievement. PLoS One 2019;14(3):e0212482. - PMC - PubMed
Eichner 2016 {published data only}
    1. Eichner JE, Folorunso OA, Moore WE. A physical activity intervention and changes in body mass index at a middle school with a large American Indian population, Oklahoma, 2004-2009. Preventing Chronic Disease 2016;13:E163. - PMC - PubMed
Elder 2011 {published data only}
    1. Elder JP, McKenzie TL, Arredondo EM, Crespo NC, Ayala GX. Effects of a multi-pronged intervention on children's activity levels at recess: the Aventuras para Ninos study. Advances in Nutrition 2011;2(2):171S-6S. - PMC - PubMed
Elinder 2012 {published data only}
    1. Elinder LS, Heinemans N, Hagberg J, Quetel AK, Hagstromer M. A participatory and capacity-building approach to healthy eating and physical activity - SCIP-school: a 2-year controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:145. - PMC - PubMed
Elinder 2018 {published data only}
    1. Elinder LS, Patterson E, Nyberg G, Norman Å. A Healthy School Start Plus for prevention of childhood overweight and obesity in disadvantaged areas through parental support in the school setting - study protocol for a parallel group cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2018;18:459. - PMC - PubMed
Elizondo‐Montemayor 2013 {published data only}
    1. Elizondo-Montemayor L, Gutierrez NG, Moreno DM, Martinez U, Tamargo D, Trevino M. School-based individualised lifestyle intervention decreases obesity and the metabolic syndrome in Mexican children. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2013;26 Suppl 1:82-9. - PubMed
Engelen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Engelen L, Bundy AC, Naughton G, Simpson JM, Bauman A, Ragen J, et al. Increasing physical activity in young primary school children-it's child's play: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;56(5):319-25. - PubMed
Erfle 2015 {published data only}
    1. Erfle SE, Gamble A. Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. Journal of School Health 2015;85(1):27-35. - PubMed
Ericsson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ericsson I. Effects of increased physical activity on motor skills and marks in physical education: an intervention study in school years 1 through 9 in Sweden. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy 2011;16(3):313-29.
Ericsson 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ericsson IR. Effects of motor skills training and daily physical education: research results in the Swedish Bunkeflo project. International Journal of Physical Education 2014;51(2):19-29.
Erwin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Erwin HE, Beighle A, Morgan CF, Noland M. Effect of a low-cost, teacher-directed classroom intervention on elementary students' physical activity. Journal of School Health 2011;81(8):455-61. - PubMed
Esquivel 2019 {published data only}
    1. Esquivel CH, Garney WR, Nelon J, Garcia KM. A process evaluation of a fitness curriculum to meet physical activity policy requirements: a pilot study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;64(2):S88.
Esquivel 2019a {published data only}
    1. Esquivel CH, Garney WR, Nelon J, Garcia KM. 171. A process evaluation of a fitness curriculum to meet physical activity policy requirements: a pilot study. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;64(2):S88.
Evans 2016 {published data only}
    1. Evans A, Ranjit N, Hoelscher D, Jovanovic C, Lopez M, McIntosh A, et al. Impact of school-based vegetable garden and physical activity coordinated health interventions on weight status and weight-related behaviors of ethnically diverse, low-income students: study design and baseline data of the Texas, Grow! Eat! Go! (TGEG) cluster-randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:973. - PMC - PubMed
Ezendam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ezendam NP, Brug J, Oenema A. Evaluation of the Web-based computer-tailored FATaintPHAT intervention to promote energy balance among adolescents: results from a school cluster randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(3):248-55. - PubMed
Farias 2015 {published data only}
    1. Farias Edos S, Goncalves EM, Morcillo AM, Guerra-Junior G, Amancio OM. Effects of programmed physical activity on body composition in post-pubertal schoolchildren. Jornal de Pediatria 2015;91(2):122-9. - PubMed
Fedewa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fedewa AL, Fettrow E, Erwin H, Ahn S, Farook M. Academic-based and aerobic-only movement breaks: are there differential effects on physical activity and achievement? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2018;89(2):153-63. - PubMed
Fernandes 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fernandes L, Oliveira T, Oliveira J, Rebelo A, Ribeiro JC, Brito J. Young school children engaged with regular after-school soccer practice present improved physical fitness and cardiovascular risk. Brazilian Journal of Soccer Science/Revista Brasileira de Futebol 2014;7(1):73-81.
Fernandez‐Jimenez 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fernandez-Jimenez R, Santos-Beneit G, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Bodega P, Miguel M de, Cos-Gandoy A de, et al. Rationale and design of the school-based SI! Program to face obesity and promote health among Spanish adolescents: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. American Heart Journal 2019;215:27-40. - PubMed
Filho 2016 {published data only}
    1. Filho VC, da Silva KS, Mota J, Beck C, da Silva Lopes A. A physical activity intervention for Brazilian students from low human development index areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(11):1174-82. - PubMed
Filho 2019 {published data only}
    1. Filho VC Barbosa, Bandeira ADS, Minatto G, Linard JG, Silva JAD, Costa RMD, et al. Effect of a multicomponent intervention on lifestyle factors among Brazilian adolescents from low human development index areas: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(2):267. - PMC - PubMed
Finn 2018 {published data only}
    1. Finn KE, Yan Z, McInnis KJ. Promoting physical activity and science learning in an outdoor education program. Journal of Physical Education Recreation and Dance 2018;89(1):35-9.
Fitzgibbon 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer LA, Braunschweig CL, Gomez SL, Van Horn L, et al. Hip-Hop to Health Jr. obesity prevention effectiveness trial: postintervention results. Obesity 2011;19(5):994-1003. - PMC - PubMed
Foo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Foo TJ, Krasilshchikov O, Shaw BS, Shaw I. Effect of concurrent physical education and obesity-prevention training programme on anthropometry and cardiorespiratory fitness in children. African Journal for Physical Health Education Recreation & Dance 2014;Suppl 2:74-81.
Ford 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ford P, Swaine I. Continuous versus accumulated brisk walking in children aged 8-11 years. European Journal of Sport Science 2012;12(1):89-95.
Franceschi Neto 2017 {published data only}
    1. Franceschi Neto C, Rodrigues Neto G, Araújo Júnior AT, do Socorro Cirilo-Sousa M, Sousa JB, Ricarte Batista G, et al. Effects of the practice of self-selected and programmed physical activity on anthropometric and biochemical components. Journal of Exercise Physiology Online 2017;20(2):35-44.
Francois 2014 {published data only}
    1. Francois P, Guyomard A, Baudet D, Dubois-Fabing D, Boussuges S, Perrin F, et al. Evaluation of an obesity prevention program for school-aged children in deprived urban areas [Évaluation d’un dispositif de prévention de l’obésité chez des enfants scolarisés dans des zones urbaines sensibles]. Archives de Pédiatrie 2014;21(7):727-35. - PubMed
Friedrich 2012 {published data only}
    1. Friedrich RR, Schuch I, Wagner MB. Effect of interventions on the body mass index of school-age students. Revista de Saúde Pública 2012;46(3):551-60. - PubMed
Fritz 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fritz J, Coster ME, Stenevi-Lundgren S, Nilsson JA, Dencker M, Rosengren BE, et al. A 5-year exercise program in children improves muscle strength without affecting fracture risk. European Journal of Applied Physiology 2016;116(4):707-15. - PubMed
Fritz 2016a {published data only}
    1. Fritz J, Coster ME, Nilsson JA, Rosengren BE, Dencker M, Karlsson MK. The associations of physical activity with fracture risk - a 7-year prospective controlled intervention study in 3534 children. Osteoporosis International 2016;27(3):915-22. - PubMed
Frost 2018 {published data only}
    1. Frost MC, Kuo ES, Harner LT, Landau KR, Baldassar K. Increase in physical activity sustained 1 year after playground intervention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2018;54(5 Suppl 2):S124-9. - PubMed
Fu 2016 {published data only}
    1. Fu Y, Burns RD, Brusseau TA, Hannon JC. Comprehensive school physical activity programming and activity enjoyment. American Journal of Health Behavior 2016;40(4):496-502. - PubMed
Galle 2016 {published data only}
    1. Galle F, Di Onofrio V, Barbone F, Calimeri BI, Carraro S, et al. Investigating the role of physical education in physical activity promotion: an Italian multicenter study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(8):854-60. - PubMed
Gallotta 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gallotta MC, Emerenziani GP, Iazzoni S, Meucci M, Baldari C, Guidetti L. Impacts of coordinative training on normal weight and overweight/obese children's attentional performance. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2015;9(577):577. - PMC - PubMed
Gallotta 2017 {published data only}
    1. Gallotta MC, Emerenziani GP, Iazzoni S, Iasevoli L, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Effects of different physical education programmes on children's skill- and health-related outcomes: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences 2017;35(15):1547-55. - PubMed
Gammon 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gammon C, Morton K, Atkin A, Corder K, Daly-Smith A, Quarmby T, et al. Introducing physically active lessons in UK secondary schools: feasibility study and pilot cluster-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2019;9(5):e025080. - PMC - PubMed
Garcia‐Hermoso 2020 {published data only}
    1. Garcia-Hermoso A, Hormazabal-Aguayo I, Fern ez-Vergara O, Gonzalez-Calderon N, Russell-Guzman J, Vicencio-Rojas S, et al. A before-school physical activity intervention to improve cognitive parameters in children: the Active-Start study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2020;30(1):108-16. - PubMed
Gatz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gatz J, Kelly AM, Clark SL. Improved executive function and science achievement for at-risk middle school girls in an aerobic fitness program. Journal of Early Adolescence 2018;39(3):453-69.
Geanina 2011 {published data only}
    1. Geanina T. Development methodology overthrow accuracy of leisure primary school pupils using the techniques of specific intervention. Gymnasium: Journal of Physical Education and Sports 2011;12(2):51-6.
Gevat 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gevat C, Larion A, Sabau E, Niculescu G. Identify the physical abilities of 11-12 years old students from middle school. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health 2012;12(2):331-6.
Gill 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gill M, Roth SE, Chan-Golston AM, Rice LN, Crespi CM, Koniak-Griffin D, et al. Evaluation of an intervention to increase physical activity in low-income, urban middle schools. Journal of School Health 2019;89(9):705-14. - PMC - PubMed
Giralt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Giralt M, Albaladejo R, Tarro L, Morina D, Arija V, Sola R. A primary-school-based study to reduce prevalence of childhood obesity in Catalunya (Spain) - EDAL-Educacion en alimentacion: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:54. - PMC - PubMed
Glapa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Glapa A, Grzesiak J, Laudanska-Krzeminska I, Chin MK, Edginton CR, Mok MM, et al. The impact of brain breaks classroom-based physical activities on attitudes toward physical activity in Polish school children in third to fifth grade. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018;15(2):368. - PMC - PubMed
Goh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Goh TL, Hannon J, Podlog LW, Brusseau T, Webster CA, Newton M. Effects of a classroom-based physical activity program on children's physical activity levels. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2014;33(4):558-72.
Goh 2017 {published data only}
    1. Goh TL. Children’s physical activity and on-task behavior following active academic lessons. Quest 2017;69(2):177-86.
Gortmaker 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gortmaker SL, Lee RM, Mozaffarian RS, Sobol AM, Nelson TF, Roth BA, et al. Effect of an after-school intervention on increases in children's physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise 2012;44(3):450-7. - PubMed
Grasten 2017 {published data only}
    1. Grasten A, Watt A, Liukkonen J, Jaakkola T. Effects of school-based physical activity program on students' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and perceptions of physical competence. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2017;14(6):455-64. - PubMed
Gray 2015 {published data only}
    1. Gray HL, Contento IR, Koch PA. Linking implementation process to intervention outcomes in a middle school obesity prevention curriculum, 'Choice, Control and Change'. Health Education and Research 2015;30(2):248-61. - PMC - PubMed
Greve 2015 {published data only}
    1. Greve J, Heinesen E. Evaluating the impact of a school-based health intervention using a randomized field experiment. Economics and Human Biology 2015;18:41-56. - PubMed
Griffiths 2019 {published data only}
    1. Griffiths LA, Griffiths MA. Evaluation of a school–community linked physical activity intervention targeting 7- to 12-year-olds: a sociocultural perspective. American Journal of Health Education 2019;50(2):112-26.
Grillich 2016 {published data only}
    1. Grillich L, Kien C, Takuya Y, Weber M, Gartlehner G. Effectiveness evaluation of a health promotion programme in primary schools: a cluster randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:679. - PMC - PubMed
Gunawardena 2016 {published data only}
    1. Gunawardena N, Kurotani K, Indrawansa S, Nonaka D, Mizoue T, Samarasinghe D. School-based intervention to enable school children to act as change agents on weight, physical activity and diet of their mothers: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13:45. - PMC - PubMed
Ha 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Ng JY, Lubans DR. A school-based rope skipping intervention for adolescents in Hong Kong: protocol of a matched-pair cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014;14:535. - PMC - PubMed
Ha 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ha AS, Burnett A, Sum R, Medic N, Ng JY. Outcomes of the rope skipping 'STAR' programme for schoolchildren. Journal of Human Kinetics 2015;45(1):233-40. - PMC - PubMed
Ha 2020 {published data only}ACTRN12615000633583
    1. Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng JY. Increasing students' physical activity during school physical education: rationale and protocol for the SELF-FIT cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2017;18(1):11. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ha AS, Lonsdale C, Lubans DR, Ng JYY. Increasing students’ activity in physical education: results of the self-determined exercise and learning for FITness trial. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2020;52(3):696-704. - PubMed
Haapala 2017 {published data only}
    1. Haapala HL, Hirvensalo MH, Kulmala J, Hakonen H, Kankaanpaa A, Laine K, et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary time in the Finnish Schools on the Move program: a quasi-experimental study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2017;27(11):1442-53. - PubMed
Habib‐Mourad 2014 {published data only}
    1. Habib-Mourad C, Ghandour LA, Moore HJ, Nabhani-Zeidan M, Adetayo K, Hwalla N, et al. Promoting healthy eating and physical activity among school children: findings from Health-E-PALS, the first pilot intervention from Lebanon. BMC Public Health 2014;14:940. [NCT03040271] - PMC - PubMed
Haerens 2009 {published data only}
    1. Haerens L, Maes L, Vereecken C, De Henauw S, Moreno L, De Bourdeaudhuij I. Effectiveness of a computer tailored physical activity intervention in adolescents compared to a generic advice. Patient Education & Counseling 2009;77(1):38-41. - PubMed
Hager 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hager ER, Song HJ, Lane HG, Guo HH, Jaspers LH, Lopes MA. Pilot-testing an intervention to enhance wellness policy implementation in schools: wellness champions for change. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2018;50(8):765-75. - PMC - PubMed
Haible 2019 {published data only}
    1. Haible S, Volk C, Demetriou Y, Honer O, Thiel A, Trautwein U, et al. Promotion of physical activity-related health competence in physical education: study protocol for the GEKOS cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):396. - PMC - PubMed
Haible 2019a {published data only}
    1. Haible S, Volk C, Demetriou Y, Honer O, Thiel A, Trautwein U, et al. Promotion of physical activity-related health competence in physical education: study protocol for the GEKOS cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):396. - PMC - PubMed
Hamilton 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hamilton KC, Richardson MT, McGraw S, Owens T, Higginbotham JC. A controlled evaluation of a CBPR intervention's effects on physical activity and the related psychosocial constructs among minority children in an underserved community. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2020;17(1):37-44. - PubMed
Hankonen 2016 {published data only}
    1. Hankonen N, Heino MT, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF, Sund R, Vasankari T, et al. 'Let's Move It' - a school-based multilevel intervention to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour among older adolescents in vocational secondary schools: a study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16:451. - PMC - PubMed
Hankonen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hankonen N, Heino MT, Hynynen ST, Laine H, Araujo-Soares V, Sniehotta FF, et al. Randomised controlled feasibility study of a school-based multi-level intervention to increase physical activity and decrease sedentary behaviour among vocational school students. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2017;14:37. - PMC - PubMed
Hannah 2018 {published data only}
    1. Calvert HG, Mahar MT, Flay B, Turner L. Classroom-based physical activity: minimizing disparities in school-day physical activity among elementary school students. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2018;15(3):161-8. - PubMed
Hardman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hardman CM, Barros MVG, Lopes AS, Lima, RA, Bezerra J, Nahas MV. Effectiveness of a school-based intervention regarding screen time in high school students [Efetividade de uma intervenção de base escolar sobre o tempo de tela em estudantes do ensino médio]. Brazilian Journal of Kineanthropometry & Human Performance 2014;16:26-35.
Hayes 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hayes A, Lung T, Wen LM, Baur L, Rissel C, Howard K. Economic evaluation of 'healthy beginnings' an early childhood intervention to prevent obesity. Obesity 2014;22(7):1709-15. - PubMed
Hebden 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hebden L, Cook A, Ploeg HP, King L, Bauman A, Allman-Farinelli M. A mobile health intervention for weight management among young adults: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2014;27(4):322-32. - PubMed
Hejazi 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hejazi S, Peyman N, Esmaily H. Effect of educational intervention based on self-efficacy on preventive behaviors of overweight and obesity among secondary-school female students in Mashhad. Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2017;19(4):261-9.
Heo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Heo M, Jimenez CC, Lim J, Isasi CR, Blank AE, Lounsbury DW, et al. Effective nationwide school-based participatory extramural program on adolescent body mass index, health knowledge and behaviors. BMC Pediatrics 2018;18(7):87. - PMC - PubMed
Herbert 2013 {published data only}
    1. Herbert PC, Lohrmann DK, Seo DC, Stright AD, Kolbe LJ. Effectiveness of the energize elementary school program to improve diet and exercise. Journal of School Health 2013;83(11):780-6. - PubMed
Hernández López 2018 {published data only}
    1. Hernández López JR, Fierro-Suero S, Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Sáenz-López Buñuel P. Effects of a biodanza program in relation to physical and psychological parameters in Primary Education [Efectos de un programa de biodanza en relación a parámetros físicos y psicológicos en educación primaria]. Journal of Sport Science 2018;14(1):55-64.
Hill 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hill G, Downing A. Effect of frequent peer-monitored testing and personal goal setting on Fitnessgram scores of Hispanic middle school students. Physical Educator 2015;72(2):193-205.
Hillman 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, et al. Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics 2014;134(4):e1063-71. - PMC - PubMed
Hind 2014 {published data only}
    1. Hind K, Torgerson D, McKenna J, Ashby R, Daly-Smith A, Truscott J, et al. Developing Interventions for Children's Exercise (DICE): a pilot evaluation of school-based exercise interventions for primary school children aged 7 to 8 years. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2014;11(4):699-704. - PubMed
Hogg 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hogg J, Diaz A, Del Cid M, Mueller C, Lipman EG, Cheruvu S, et al. An after-school dance and lifestyle education program reduces risk factors for heart disease and diabetes in elementary school children. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2012;25(5-6):509-16. - PMC - PubMed
Hortz 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hortz B, Petosa RL, Grim ML, Stevens E. Building self-efficacy for exercise among rural high school students: it takes ongoing practice. American Journal of Health Education 2015;46(6):351-6.
Huberty 2011 {published data only}
    1. Huberty JL, Siahpush M, Beighle A, Fuhrmeister E, Silva P, Welk G. Ready for recess: a pilot study to increase physical activity in elementary school children. Journal of School Health 2011;81(5):251-7. - PubMed
Huberty 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ehlers DK, Huberty JL, Beseler CL. Is school community readiness related to physical activity before and after the Ready for Recess intervention? Health Education Research 2013;28(2):192-204. - PubMed
    1. Huberty JL, Beets MW, Beighle A, Saint-Maurice PF, Welk G. Effects of ready for recess, an environmental intervention, on physical activity in third- through sixth-grade children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2014;11(2):384-95. - PubMed
    1. Huberty JL, Beets MW, Beighle A, Welk G. Environmental modifications to increase physical activity during recess: preliminary findings from ready for recess. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2011;8 Suppl 2:S249-56. - PubMed
    1. Saint-Maurice PF, Welk GJ, Russell DW, Huberty J. Moderating influences of baseline activity levels in school physical activity programming for children: the Ready for Recess project. BMC Public Health 2014;14:103. - PMC - PubMed
Hyde 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hyde ET, Gazmararian JA, Barrett-Williams SL, Kay CM. Health empowers you: impact of a school-based physical activity program in elementary school students, Georgia, 2015-2016. Journal of School Health 2020;90(1):32-8. - PubMed
Idris 2015 {published data only}
    1. Idris NS, Evelein AM, Geerts CC, Sastroasmoro S, Grobbee DE, Uiterwaal CS. Effect of physical activity on vascular characteristics in young children. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;22(5):656-64. - PubMed
Ilyasova 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ilyasova A, Erzhanov Z. Optimization of physical fitness development for primary school learners in physical education lessons. Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 2014;93(2):21-8.
Ilyasova 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ilyasova A, Kovalenko V, Erzhanov Z. Optimization methods in physical education lessons for girls in the second and the third grades. Baltic Journal of Sport & Health Sciences 2015;96(1):16-22.
Ingrida 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ingrida S. Teacher role model and students' physical activity. Polish Journal of Sport & Tourism 2012;19(4):281-6.
ISRCTN75118772 {published data only}
    1. Moving Maths: physically active maths lessons. 2019. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN75118772.
Jago 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jago R, Sebire SJ, Cooper AR, Haase AM, Powell J, Davis L, et al. Bristol girls dance project feasibility trial: outcome and process evaluation results. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Actvity 2012;9:83. - PMC - PubMed
Jamerson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Jamerson T, Sylvester R, Jiang Q, Corriveau N, DuRussel-Weston J, Kline-Rogers E, et al. Differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors and health behaviors between black and non-black students participating in a school-based health promotion program. American Journal of Health Promotion 2017;31(4):318-24. - PubMed
James 2017 {published data only}
    1. James M, Christian D, Scott S, Todd C, Stratton G, Demmler J, et al. Active children through individual vouchers evaluation: a mixed-method RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2020;58(2):232-43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. James M, Christian D, Scott S, Todd C, Stratton G, McCoubrey S, et al. Active children through individual vouchers - evaluation (ACTIVE): protocol for a mixed method randomised control trial to increase physical activity levels in teenagers. BMC Public Health 2017;18(1):7. - PMC - PubMed
James‐Burdumy 2016 {published data only}
    1. James-Burdumy S, Beyler N, Borradaile K, Bleeker M, Maccarone A, Fortson J. The Impact of Playworks on students' physical activity by race/ethnicity: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2016;13(3):275-80. - PubMed
Janssen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Janssen M, Twisk JW, Toussaint HM, Mechelen W, Verhagen EA. Effectiveness of the PLAYgrounds programme on PA levels during recess in 6-year-old to 12-year-old children. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;49(4):259-64. - PubMed
Jemmott 2019a {published data only}
    1. Jemmott JB, Zhang J, Jemmott LS, Icard LD, Ngwane Z, Makiwane M, et al. Intervention increases physical activity and healthful diet among South African adolescents over 54 months: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health 2019;65(1):139-46. - PMC - PubMed
Jenkinson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jenkinson KA, Naughton G, Benson AC. The GLAMA (Girls! Lead! Achieve! Mentor! Activate!) physical activity and peer leadership intervention pilot project: a process evaluation using the RE-AIM framework. BMC Public Health 2012;12:55. - PMC - PubMed
Jian 2014 {published data only}
    1. Jian Y. An experimental research on the effect of exercise intervention on primary school pupils' body shape and composition. Journal of Chengdu Sport University 2014;40(9):77-82.
Johnston 2013 {published data only}
    1. Johnston CA, Moreno JP, Gallagher MR, Wang J, Papaioannou MA, Tyler C, et al. Achieving long-term weight maintenance in Mexican-American adolescents with a school-based intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health 2013;53(3):335-41. - PubMed
Jones 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jones D, Hoelscher DM, Kelder SH, Hergenroeder A, Sharma SV. Increasing physical activity and decreasing sedentary activity in adolescent girls - the Incorporating More Physical Activity and Calcium in Teens (IMPACT) Study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2008;5:42. - PMC - PubMed
Jones 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jones RA, Kelly J, Cliff DP, Batterham M, Okely AD. Acceptability and potential efficacy of single-sex after-school activity programs for overweight and at-risk children: the Wollongong SPORT RCT. Pediatric Exercise Science 2015;27(4):535-45. - PubMed
Jones 2016 {published data only}
    1. Jones RA, Okely AD, Hinkley T, Batterham M, Burke C. Promoting gross motor skills and physical activity in childcare: a translational randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2016;19(9):744-9. - PubMed
Jones 2020 {published data only}
    1. Jones E, Zuest L, Bulger S, Elliott E, Cho K, Lilly C. Initial findings of a multicomponent school health intervention in rural Appalachia: the Greenbrier CHOICES project. Health Education Behavior 2020;47(2):332-43. - PMC - PubMed
Jurak 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jurak G, Cooper A, Leskosek B, Kovac M. Long-term effects of 4-year longitudinal school-based physical activity intervention on the physical fitness of children and youth during 7-year followup assessment. Central European Journal of Public Health 2013;21(4):190-5. - PubMed
Jussila 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jussila AM, Vasankari T, Paronen O, Sievanen H, Tokola K, Vaha-Ypya H, et al. KIDS OUT! Protocol of a brief school-based intervention to promote physical activity and to reduce screen time in a sub-cohort of Finnish eighth graders. BMC Public Health 2015;15:634. - PMC - PubMed
Kahan 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kahan D, McKenzie TL. Physical activity and psychological correlates during an after-school running club. American Journal of Health Education 2018;49(2):113-23.
Kahan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kahan D, Lorenz KA, Kawwa E, Rioveros A. Changes in school-day step counts during a physical activity for Lent intervention: a cluster randomized crossover trial of the Savior's Sandals. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):141. - PMC - PubMed
Kahlin 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kahlin Y, Werner S, Alricsson M. A physical activity program for Swedish physically inactive female high school students: a controlled intervention study. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2014;11(6):1162-9. - PubMed
Karachle 2017 {published data only}
    1. Karachle N, Dania A, Venetsanou F. Effects of a recreational gymnastics program on the motor proficiency of young children. Science of Gymnastics Journal 2017;9(1):17-25.
Kawabata 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kawabata M, Chua KL, Chatzisarantis NL. A school-based intervention program in promoting leisure-time physical activity: trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):433. - PMC - PubMed
Keihner 2017 {published data only}
    1. Keihner A, Rosen N, Wakimoto P, Goldstein L, Sugerman S, Hudes M, et al. Impact of California Children's Power Play! campaign on fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity among fourth- and fifth-grade students. American Journal of Health Promotion 2017;31(3):189-91. - PubMed
Kelly 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kelly LA, McNeil AS, Kennedy B, Carney B, Atkins A, Mostoles BM, et al. Group randomized trial of a novel physical activity program to increase physical fitness and motor skills In children. Journal of Athletic Enhancement 2014;3:2.
Kennedy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Peralta LR, Hilland TA, Eather N, et al. Implementing resistance training in secondary schools: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise 2018;50(1):62-72. - PubMed
Kennedy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kennedy SG, Peralta LR, Lubans DR, Foweather L, Smith JS. Implementing a school-based physical activity program: process evaluation and impact on teachers' confidence, perceived barriers and self-perceptions. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy 2019;24(3):233-48.
Ketelhut 2017 {published data only}
    1. Ketelhut SR, Ketelhut S, Riedel S, Willich S, Meyer-Sabellek W, Müssig K, et al. Effects of moderate interval training on heart rate variability among primary school children [Auswirkung einer moderaten Intervallbelastung auf die Herzfrequenzvariabilität bei Grundschulkindern]. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin 2017;68(11):269-74.
Kidokoro 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kidokoro T, Shimizu Y, Edamoto K, Annear M. Classroom standing desks and time-series variation in sedentary behavior and physical activity among primary school children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(11):1892. - PMC - PubMed
Kipping 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kipping RR, Payne C, Lawlor DA. Randomised controlled trial adapting US school obesity prevention to England. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2008;93(6):469-73. - PubMed
Klakk 2013 {published data only}
    1. Klakk H, Chinapaw M, Heidemann M, Andersen LB, Wedderkopp N. Effect of four additional physical education lessons on body composition in children aged 8-13 years - a prospective study during two school years. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13:170. - PMC - PubMed
Knox 2012 {published data only}
    1. Knox GJ, Baker JS, Davies B, Rees A, Morgan K, Cooper SM, et al. Effects of a novel school-based cross-curricular physical activity intervention on cardiovascular disease risk factors in 11- to 14-year-olds: the activity knowledge circuit. American Journal of Health Promotion 2012;27(2):75-83. - PubMed
Kobel 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kobel S, Lammle C, Wartha O, Kesztyus D, Wirt T, Steinacker JM. Effects of a randomised controlled school-based health promotion intervention on obesity related behavioural outcomes of children with migration background. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 2017;19(2):254-62. - PMC - PubMed
Koch 2019 {published data only}
    1. Koch PA, Contento IR, Gray HL, Burgermaster M, Bandelli L, Abrams E, et al. Food, health, & choices: curriculum and wellness interventions to decrease childhood obesity in fifth-graders. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2019;51(4):440-55. - PubMed
Kokkonen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kokkonen J, Yli-Piipari S, Kokkonen M, Quay J. Effectiveness of a creative physical education intervention on elementary school students’ leisure-time physical activity motivation and overall physical activity in Finland. European Physical Education Review 2019;25(3):796-815.
Kokkonen 2019a {published data only}
    1. Kokkonen J, Yli-Piipari S, Kokkonen M, Quay J. Effectiveness of a creative physical education intervention on elementary school students' leisure-time physical activity motivation and overall physical activity in Finland. European Physical Education Review 2019;25(3):796-815.
Kong 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kong A, Buscemi J, Stolley MR, Schiffer LA, Kim Y, Braunschweig CL, et al. Hip-Hop to Health Jr. randomized effectiveness trial: 1-year follow-up results. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2016;50(2):136-44. - PMC - PubMed
Konijnenberg 2018 {published data only}
    1. Konijnenberg C, Fredriksen PM. The effects of a school-based physical activity intervention programme on children's executive control: the Health Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP). Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2018;46(21 Suppl):82-91. - PubMed
Kopaev 2015 {published data only}
    1. Kopaev VP, Bryl DA. The effect of combination of general education and sports related physical education of primary school children. Teoria i Praktika Fiziceskoj Kultury 2015;6:62-4.
Krawiec 2013 {published data only}
    1. Krawiec K, McClurg King K. Rural elementary school strategies to promote outdoor physical activity. KAHPERD Journal 2013;50(2):46.
Kremer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kremer P, Waqa G, Vanualailai N, Schultz JT, Roberts G, Moodie M, et al. Reducing unhealthy weight gain in Fijian adolescents: results of the Healthy Youth Healthy Communities study. Obesity Reviews 2011;12 Suppl 2:29-40. - PubMed
Kriellaars 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kriellaars DJ, Cairney J, Bortoleto MAC, Kiez TKM, Dudley D, Aubertin P. The impact of circus arts instruction in physical education on the physical literacy of children in grades 4 and 5. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2019;38(2):162-70.
Ladapo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Ladapo JA, Bogart LM, Klein DJ, Cowgill BO, Uyeda K, Binkle DG, et al. Cost and cost-effectiveness of Students for Nutrition and eXercise (SNaX). Academic Pediatrics 2016;16(3):247-53. - PMC - PubMed
Lane 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lane HG, Deitch R, Wang Y, Black MM, Dunton FG, Aldoory L, et al. "Wellness Champions for Change," a multi-level intervention to improve school-level implementation of local wellness policies: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;75:29-39. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Lang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lang C, Feldmeth AK, Brand S, Holsboer-Trachsler E, Puhse U, Gerber M. Effects of a physical education-based coping training on adolescents' coping skills, stress perceptions and quality of sleep. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 2017;22(3):213-30.
Larsen 2017 {published data only}
    1. Larsen MN, Nielsen CM, Orntoft C, Randers MB, Helge EW, Madsen M, et al. Fitness effects of 10-month frequent low-volume ball game training or interval running for 8-10-year-old school children. Biomedical Research International 2017;2017:2719752. - PMC - PubMed
La Torre 2016 {published data only}
    1. La Torre G, Mannocci A, Saulle R, Sinopoli A, D'Egidio V, Sestili C, et al. GiochiAMO! The protocol of a school based intervention for the promotion of physical activity and nutrition among children [GiochiAMO! Muoviamoci e mangiamo sano! La promozione dell’attività fisica e della piramide alimentare per i bambini: protocollo di una sperimentazione di campo]. Clinical Therapeutics 2016;167(5):152-5. - PubMed
    1. La Torre G, Mannocci A, Saulle R, Sinopoli A, D’Egidio V, Sestili C, et al. Improving knowledge and behaviors on diet and physical activity in children: results of a pilot randomized field trial. Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita 2017;29:584-94. - PubMed
    1. La Torre G, Sinopoli A, Sestili C, D'Egidio V, di Bella O, Cocchiara R, et al. “GiochiAMO”: a school-based smoking and alcohol prevention program for children – a pilot randomized field trial. Part 2. Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita 2018;30(4):273-84. - PubMed
Lazorick 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lazorick S, Fang X, Hardison GT, Crawford Y. Improved body mass index measures following a middle school-based obesity intervention-the MATCH Program. Journal of School Health 2015;85(10):680-7. - PubMed
Lee 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lee LL, Kuo YC, Fanaw D, Perng SJ, Juang IF. The effect of an intervention combining self-efficacy theory and pedometers on promoting physical activity among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2012;21(7-8):914-22. - PubMed
Leme 2016 {published data only}
    1. Leme AC, Lubans DR, Guerra PH, Dewar D, Toassa EC, Philippi ST. Preventing obesity among Brazilian adolescent girls: six-month outcomes of the Healthy Habits, Healthy Girls-Brazil school-based randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2016;86:77-83. - PubMed
Lennox 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lennox A, Pienaar AE. Effects of an after-school physical activity programme on aerobic fitness and physical activity levels of adolescents from a disadvantaged community: PLAY study. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance 2013;19(1):154-68.
Leung 2018 {published data only}
    1. Leung W, Jung J, Kang S, Cardinal BJ. Does movement integration into classroom lessons work? And are teachers receptive? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 2018;89(5):70-1.
Li 2010 {published data only}
    1. Li YP, Hu XQ, Schouten EG, Liu AL, Du SM, Li LZ, et al. Report on childhood obesity in China (8): effects and sustainability of physical activity intervention on body composition of Chinese youth. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2010;23:180-7. - PubMed
Li 2017 {published data only}
    1. Li B, Liu W J, Adab P, Pallan M, Hemming K, Frew E, et al. Cluster-randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an obesity prevention programme for Chinese primary school-aged children: the CHIRPY DRAGON study protocol. BMJ Open 2017;7(11):e018415. - PMC - PubMed
Liao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liao T, Li L, Wang YT. Effects of functional strength training program on movement quality and fitness performance among girls aged 12-13 years. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2019;33(6):1534-41. - PubMed
Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu Z, Wu Y, Niu W Y, Feng X, Lin Y, Gao A, et al. A school-based, multi-faceted health promotion programme to prevent obesity among children: protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial (the DECIDE-Children study). BMJ Open 2019;9(11):e027902. - PMC - PubMed
Llargues 2011 {published data only}
    1. Llargues E, Franco R, Recasens A, Nadal A, Vila M, Perez MJ, et al. Assessment of a school-based intervention in eating habits and physical activity in school children: the AVall study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2011;65(10):896-901. - PMC - PubMed
Llaurado 2014 {published data only}
    1. Llaurado E, Tarro L, Morina D, Queral R, Giralt M, Sola R. EdAl-2 (Educacio en Alimentacio) programme: reproducibility of a cluster randomised, interventional, primary-school-based study to induce healthier lifestyle activities in children. BMJ Open 2014;4(11):e005496. - PMC - PubMed
Llaurado 2018 {published data only}
    1. Llaurado E, Tarro L, Morina D, Aceves-Martins M, Giralt M, Sola R. Follow-up of a healthy lifestyle education program (the EdAl study): four years after cessation of randomized controlled trial intervention. BMC Public Health 2018;18(1):104. - PMC - PubMed
Lloyd 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lloyd J, Creanor S, Price L, Abraham C, Dean S, Green C, et al. Trial baseline characteristics of a cluster randomised controlled trial of a school-located obesity prevention programme; the Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP) trial. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):291. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lloyd JJ, Wyatt KM, Creanor S. Behavioural and weight status outcomes from an exploratory trial of the Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP): a novel school-based obesity prevention programme. BMJ Open 2012;2(3):e000390. - PMC - PubMed
Lofgren 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lofgren B, Daly RM, Nilsson JA, Dencker M, Karlsson MK. An increase in school-based physical education increases muscle strength in children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2013;45(5):997-1003. - PubMed
Lonsdale 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lonsdale C, Rosenkranz RR, Sanders T, Peralta LR, Bennie A, Jackson B, et al. A cluster randomized controlled trial of strategies to increase adolescents' physical activity and motivation in physical education: results of the Motivating Active Learning in Physical Education (MALP) trial. Preventive Medicine 2013;57(5):696-702. - PubMed
Lonsdale 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lonsdale C, Lubans D, Sanders T, Noetel M, McKay H, Morgan P, et al. Scaling-up an efficacious comprehensive school-based physical activity intervention: development, evaluation and dissemination of the iPLAY program. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22:S14.
Lopes 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lopes VP, Stodden DF, Rodrigues LP. Effectiveness of physical education to promote motor competence in primary school children. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 2017;22(6):589-602.
López Sánchez 2017 {published data only}
    1. López Sánchez GF, Díaz Suárez A, Radzimiński Ł, Jastrzębski Z. Effects of a 12-week physical education program on the body composition of 10- and 11-year-old children [Effets d’un programme d’éducation physique de 12 semaines sur la composition corporelle d’enfants de 10 et 11 ans]. Science & Sports 2017;32(4):e155-61.
López Sánchez 2018 {published data only}
    1. López Sánchez G, Felipe N, López J, Díaz Suárez A. Effects of a program through vigorous-intensity physical activity on blood pressure and heart rate of 10-11 year-old school children [Efectos de un Programa de Actividad Física Vigorosa en la Tensión Arterial y Frecuencia Cardiaca de Escolares de 10-11 Años]. Journal of Sport and Health Research 2018;10(1):13-24.
Lubans 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lubans D, Morgan P. Evaluation of an extra-curricular school sport programme promoting lifestyle and lifetime activity for adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences 2008;26(5):519-29. - PubMed
    1. Lubans D, Morgan P. The 'Learning to Enjoy Activity with Friends' programme. Education & Health 2007;25(1):10-4.
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Collins CE, Plotnikoff RC. Exploring the mechanisms of physical activity and dietary behavior change in the Program X intervention for adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 2010;47(1):83-91. - PubMed
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Callister R, Collins CE. Effects of integrating pedometers, parental materials, and E-mail support within an extracurricular school sport intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health 2009;44(2):176-83. - PubMed
    1. Lubans DR, Sylva K. Mediators of change following a senior school physical activity intervention. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2009;12(1):134-40. - PubMed
Lubans 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Aguiar EJ, Callister R. Randomized controlled trial of the Physical Activity Leaders (PALs) program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged secondary schools. Preventive Medicine 2011;52(3-4):239-46. - PubMed
Lubans 2012b {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Okely AD, Dewar D, Collins CE, Batterham M, et al. Preventing obesity among adolescent girls: one-year outcomes of the nutrition and enjoyable activity for teen girls (NEAT Girls) cluster randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2012;166(9):821-7. - PubMed
Lubans 2012c {published data only}
    1. Lubans D, Morgan P, Okely A, Dewar D, Collins C, Batterham M, et al. Preventing obesity among adolescent girls in low income secondary schools: One-year outcomes of the NEAT Girls cluster randomized controlled trial. Obesity Research and Clinical Practice 2012;6:39. - PubMed
Lubans 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lubans D, Dewar D, Morgan P, Plotnikoff R, Okely A, Collins C, et al. Two-year outcomes from the NEAT Girls obesity prevention cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2013;16:e34.
Lubans 2014 {published data only}
    1. Lubans D, Smith J, Plotnikoff R, Dally K, Salmon J, Okely A, et al. Outcomes from the ATLAS school-based intervention incorporating smartphone technology for adolescent boys: a cluster RCT. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2014;18:e63.
Lubans 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lubans D, Smith J, Morgan P, Beauchamp M, Miller A, Lonsdale C, et al. Improving muscular fitness enhances psychological well-being in low-income adolescent boys: findings from the ATLAS cluster RCT. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2015;19:e75.
Lubans 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Okely AD, Salmon J, et al. Assessing the sustained impact of a school-based obesity prevention program for adolescent boys: the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13:92. - PMC - PubMed
Lucertini 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lucertini F, Spazzafumo L, De Lillo F, Centonze D, Valentini M, Federici A. Effectiveness of professionally-guided physical education on fitness outcomes of primary school children. European Journal of Sport Science 2013;13(5):582-90. - PubMed
Ludyga 2019 {published data only}
    1. Luyga S, Koutsandreou F, Reuter EM, Voelcker-Rehage C, Budde H. Additional exercise at school - effects on cognitive performance, emotional well-being and steroid hormones: effects on brain activity during a cognitive inhibition task. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2019;8(2):184. - PMC - PubMed
Lynch 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lynch BA, Gentile N, Maxson J, Quigg S, Swenson L, Kaufman T. Elementary school-based obesity intervention using an educational curriculum. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 2016;7(4):265-71. - PMC - PubMed
Madsen 2013 {published data only}
    1. Madsen K, Thompson H, Adkins A, Crawford Y. School-community partnerships: a cluster-randomized trial of an after-school soccer program. JAMA Pediatrics 2013;167(4):321-6. - PMC - PubMed
Madsen 2020 {published data only}
    1. Madsen M, Elbe AM, Madsen EE, Ermidis G, Ryom K, Wikman JM, et al. The "11 for Health in Denmark" intervention in 10- to 12-year-old Danish girls and boys and its effects on well-being - a large-scale cluster RCT. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2020;30(9):1787-95. - PubMed
Mandarić 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mandarić S, Sibinović A, Stojiljković S. Effects of a high-low aerobic program on the morphological features, functional and motor abilities of female elementary school eighth graders. Facta Universitatis: Series Physical Education & Sport 2011;9(3):307-19.
Mandigo 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mandigo J, Lodeqyk K, Tredway J. Examining the impact of a teaching games for understanding approach on the development of physical literacy using the passport for life assessment tool. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2019;38(2):136-45.
Manley 2014 {published data only}
    1. Manley D, Cowan P, Graff C, Perlow M, Rice P, Richey P, et al. Self-efficacy, physical activity, and aerobic fitness in middle school children: examination of a pedometer intervention program. Journal of Pediatric Nursing 2014;29(3):228-37. - PubMed
Marandi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Marandi S, Minasian V, Kelishadi R, Khalighinejad P, Borojeni MM, Borghi SH. Short-term effects of a physical activity intervention on obesity and cardiovascular fitness of 12-14-year-old boy students. International Journal of Preventive Medicine 2014;5:S114-9. - PMC - PubMed
Marin 2013 {published data only}
    1. Marin F. Conditional motor capacity - resistance at pupils of 13-14 ages during the physical education lesson. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education & Sport/Science, Movement & Health 2013;13:460-5.
Martin 2017 {published data only}
    1. Martin R, Murtagh E. Active classrooms: a cluster randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of a movement integration intervention on the physical activity levels of primary school children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2017;14(4):290-300. - PubMed
Martinez 2008 {published data only}
    1. Martinez VM, Aguilar FS, Gutierrez RF, Martinez MS, Lopez MS, Martinez SS, et al. Assessment of an after-school physical activity program to prevent obesity among 9- to 10-year-old children: a cluster randomized trial. International Journal of Obesity 2008;32:12-22. - PubMed
    1. Moya Martinez P, Sánchez López M, López Bastida J, Escribano Sotos F, Notario Pacheco B, Salcedo Aguilar F, et al. Cost-effectiveness of an intervention to reduce overweight and obesity in 9-10-year-olds. The Cuenca study [Coste-efectividad de un programa de actividad física de tiempo libre para prevenir el sobrepeso y la obesidad en ninos de 9-10 a ˜ nos]. Gaceta Sanitaria 2011;25(3):198-204. - PubMed
Martinez‐Vizcaino 2019a {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garrido-Miguel M, Martinez-Hortelano JA, et al. MOVI-daFIT! Intervention: rationale and design of a cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effects on improving adiposity, cognition, and subclinical atherosclerosis by increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(9):e14737. - PMC - PubMed
Martinez‐Vizcaino 2020 {published data only}
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garcia-Prieto JC, Cavero-Redondo I, Solera-Martinez M, Garrido-Miguel M, et al. Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on adiposity, fitness and blood pressure: MOVI-KIDS study. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2020;54(5):279-85. - PubMed
Masse 2012 {published data only}
    1. Masse LC, McKay H, Valente M, Brant R, Naylor PJ. Physical activity implementation in schools: a 4-year follow-up. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012;43(4):369-77. - PubMed
Massey 2017 {published data only}
    1. Massey WV, Stellino MB, Holliday M, Godbersen T, Rodia R, Kucher G, et al. The impact of a multi-component physical activity programme in low-income elementary schools. Health Education Journal 2017;76(5):517-30.
Maszczak 2013 {published data only}
    1. Maszczak T. On the project of National Center for Research on Physical Fitness [O projekcie Narodowego Centrum Badania Kondycji Fizycznej]. Rozprawy Naukowe 2013;40:14-6.
Mavilidi 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mavilidi MF, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Miller A, Eather N, Karayanidis F, et al. Integrating physical activity into the primary school curriculum: rationale and study protocol for the "Thinking while Moving in English" cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):379. - PMC - PubMed
Mayorga‐Vega 2016 {published data only}
    1. Mayorga-Vega D, Montoro-Escano J, Merino-Marban R, Viciana J. Effects of a physical education-based programme on health-related physical fitness and its maintenance in high school students: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. European Physical Education Review 2016;22(2):243-59.
Mayorga‐Vega 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mayorga-Vega D, Montoro-Escaño J, Guijarro-Romero S, Viciana J. Does baseline self-determined motivation toward physical education influence cardiorespiratory endurance improvement? A controlled intervention study [¿El nivel basal de motivación autodeterminada hacia la Educación Física influye en la mejora de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria? Un estudio de intervención controlado]. Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación 2020;37:344-50.
Mazzoli 2019 {published data only}
    1. Mazzoli E, Salmon J, Teo W, Pesce C, He J, Ben-Soussan T, et al. The mediating effects of breaking up classroom sitting with cognitively engaging or simple active breaks on children's cognition. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22:S22-3.
McCluskey 2020 {published data only}
    1. McCluskey M, Bridges J, Gilson N, Buurke JH, Hermens HJ, Yan AD. The effects of physical activity on weight gain and educational attainment in primary school children. Physiotherapy 2020;107:e215.
McCreary 2012 {published data only}
    1. McCreary LL, Park CG, Gomez L, Peterson S, Pino D, McElmurry BJ. A mixed-methods evaluation of school-based active living programs. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2012;43(5 Suppl 4):S395-8. - PubMed
McDonald 2015 {published data only}
    1. McDonald SM, Trost SG. The effects of a goal setting intervention on aerobic fitness in middle school students. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education 2015;34(4):576-87.
McFarlin 2013 {published data only}
    1. McFarlin BK, Johnston CJ, Carpenter KC, Davidson T, Moreno JL, Strohacker K, et al. A one-year school-based diet/exercise intervention improves non-traditional disease biomarkers in Mexican-American children. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2013;9(4):524-32. - PMC - PubMed
McKay 2015 {published data only}
    1. McKay HA, Macdonald HM, Nettlefold L, Masse LC, Day M, Naylor PJ. Action Schools! BC implementation: from efficacy to effectiveness to scale-up. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2015;49(4):210-8. - PubMed
McLoughlin 2017 {published data only}
    1. McLoughlin G, Edwards C, Covello A, Baumgartner N, Curran M, Graber K, et al. School lunch and physical activity during recess: interactive effects of health behaviors in the school setting. FASEB Journal 2017;31:149.
McManus 2008 {published data only}
    1. McManus AM, Masters RSW, Laukkanen RMT, Yu CCW, Sit CHP, Ling FCM. Using heart-rate feedback to increase physical activity in children. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(4):402-8. - PubMed
McMinn 2012 {published data only}
    1. McMinn D, Rowe DA, Murtagh S, Nelson NM. The effect of a school-based active commuting intervention on children's commuting physical activity and daily physical activity. Preventive Medicine 2012;54(5):316-8. - PubMed
Meinhardt 2013 {published data only}
    1. Meinhardt U, Witassek F, Petro R, Fritz C, Eiholzer U. Strength training and physical activity in boys: a randomized trial. Pediatrics 2013;132(6):1105-11. - PubMed
Mejia 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mejia MA, Coria-Navia A, Uriegas-Mejia G, Brown-Fraser SC, Uriegas SE, Martinez MD, et al. The Victoria trial: a school-based health education program to reduce the risk of obesity among a high-risk population. Faseb Journal 2017;31:641.1.
Mekic 2014 {published data only}
    1. Mekic B, Aleksic D, Toskic L. Examination of effects of rhythmic gymnastics teaching of physical education on functional abilities of 3rd & 4th grade pupils of elementary schools. Research in Kinesiology 2014;42(1):80-4.
Mendoza 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mendoza JA, Watson K, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA, Uscanga DK, Hanfling MJ. The walking school bus and children's physical activity: a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2011;128(3):e537-44. - PMC - PubMed
Mendoza 2017 {published data only}
    1. Mendoza JA, Haaland W, Jacobs M, Abbey-Lambertz M, Miller J, Salls D, et al. Bicycle trains, cycling, and physical activity: a pilot cluster RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;53(4):481-9. - PMC - PubMed
Menrath 2015 {published data only}
    1. Menrath I, Prüßmann M, Müller-Godeffroy E, Prüßmann C, Ottova V, Ravens-Sieberer U, et al. Effectiveness of school-based life skills programmes on secondary schoolchildren in a high risk sample [Überprüfung der Effektivität schulischer Gesundheitsprogramme bei Schülerinnen und Schülern der Sekundarstufe I mit besonderen sozialen Belastungen]. Gesundheitswesen 2015;77 Suppl 1:S76-7. - PubMed
Merrotsy 2019 {published data only}
    1. Merrotsy A, McCarthy AL, Flack J, Lacey S, Coppinger T. Project Spraoi: a two-year longitudinal study on the effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and physical activity intervention on dietary intake, nutritional knowledge and markers of health of Irish schoolchildren. Public Health and Nutrition 2019;22(13):2489-99. - PMC - PubMed
Messiah 2015 {published data only}
    1. Messiah SE, Diego A, Kardys J, Kirwin K, Hanson E, Nottage R, et al. Effect of a park-based after-school program on participant obesity-related health outcomes. American Journal of Health Promotion 2015;29(4):217-25. - PubMed
Michailidis 2019 {published data only}
    1. Michailidis Y, Metaxas TI, Stefanidis P, Christoulas K. Fitness effects of one-year soccer training of 8-10 and 10-12-year-old school children. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 2019;59(5):725-32. - PubMed
Miller 2015 {published data only}
    1. Miller A, Christensen EM, Eather N, Sproule J, Annis-Brown L, Lubans DR. The PLUNGE randomized controlled trial: evaluation of a games-based physical activity professional learning program in primary school physical education. Preventive Medicine 2015;74:1-8. - PubMed
Möhrle 2015 {published data only}
    1. Möhrle B, Steinacker JM, Szagun B, Kobel S. Physical activity promotion at primary schools - playgrounds and physical activity of children [Bewegungsförderung an Grundschulen – Pausenhof und körperliche Aktivität von Kindern]. Deutsche Zeitschrift Für Sportmedizin 2015;66(6):141-6.
Mok 2020 {published data only}
    1. Mok MMC, Chin MK, Korcz A, Popeska B, Edginton CR, Uzunoz FS, et al. Brain Breaks(R) physical activity solutions in the classroom and on attitudes toward physical activity: a randomized controlled trial among primary students from eight countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020;17(5):1666. - PMC - PubMed
Monti 2012 {published data only}
    1. Monti JM, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ. Aerobic fitness enhances relational memory in preadolescent children: the FITKids randomized control trial. Hippocampus 2012;22(9):1876-82. - PMC - PubMed
Monyeki 2012 {published data only}
    1. Monyeki MA, De Ridder JH, Preez SM, Toriola AL, Malan DD. The effect of a ten month physical activity intervention programme on body composition of 9-13 year-old boys. African Journal for Physical Health Education Recreation & Dance 2012;18(2):241-50.
Moodie 2011 {published data only}
    1. Moodie M, Haby MM, Swinburn B, Carter R. Assessing cost-effectiveness in obesity: active transport program for primary school children - TravelSMART schools curriculum program. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8(4):503-15. - PubMed
Moreira 2012 {published data only}
    1. Moreira RF, Akagi FH, Wun PY, Moriguchi CS, Sato TO. Effects of a school based exercise program on children's resistance and flexibility. Work 2012;41:922-8. - PubMed
Morris 2013 {published data only}
    1. Morris JG, Gorely T, Sedgwick MJ, Nevill A, Nevill ME. Effect of the Great Activity Programme on healthy lifestyle behaviours in 7-11 year olds. Journal of Sports Sciences 2013;31(12):1280-93. - PubMed
Morris 2019 {published data only}
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Moya 2011 {published data only}
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NCT03308500 {published data only}
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NCT03885115 {published data only}
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NCT03893149 {published data only}
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NCT03937336 {published data only}
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NCT03952754 {published data only}
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NCT04118543 {published data only}
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Smith 2011 {published data only}
    1. Smith LH. Piloting the use of teen mentors to promote a healthy diet and physical activity among children in Appalachia. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2011;16(1):16-26. - PubMed
Smith 2014a {published data only}
    1. Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Dally KA, Salmon J, Okely AD, et al. Rationale and study protocol for the 'active teen leaders avoiding screen-time' (ATLAS) group randomized controlled trial: an obesity prevention intervention for adolescent boys from schools in low-income communities. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2014;37(1):106-19. - PubMed
Smith 2016 {published data only}
    1. Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Stodden DF, Lubans DR. Mediating effects of resistance training skill competency on health-related fitness and physical activity: the ATLAS cluster randomised controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences 2016;34(8):772-9. - PubMed
Smith 2017 {published data only}
    1. Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Dally K, Plotnikoff RC, Lubans DR. Mediators of change in screen-time in a school-based intervention for adolescent boys: findings from the ATLAS cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2017;40(3):423-33. - PubMed
Spencer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Spencer R, Bower J, Yates G, Kirk SF, Hancock FC. Adding peer mentors to a school-based physical activity pilot: the Heart Healthy Kids program. Physical & Health Education Journal 2013;79(3):14-21.
Springer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Springer AE, Kelder SH, Byrd-Williams CE, Pasch KE, Ranjit N, Delk JE, et al. Promoting energy-balance behaviors among ethnically diverse adolescents: overview and baseline findings of The Central Texas CATCH Middle School Project. Health Education and Behavior 2013;40(5):559-70. - PubMed
Springer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Springer AE, Harrell MB, Gomensoro L, Martinez J, Traversa FM, Rogers S, et al. ¡Activate Ya! Co-learning about school-based tobacco prevention and physical activity promotion in secondary school students in Uruguay. Global Health Promotion 2019;Epub ahead of print:1757975918813049. - PubMed
Stephens 1998 {published data only}
    1. Stephens M, Wentz S. Supplemental fitness activities and fitness in urban elementary school classrooms. Family Medicine 1998;30(3):220-3. - PubMed
Stoepker 2018 {published data only}
    1. Stoepker P, Dauenhauer B, McCall T. Effects of a classroom walking program on physical activity accrual and on-task behavior. Physical Educator-US 2018;75(3):498-514.
Story 2012 {published data only}
    1. Story M, Hannan PJ, Fulkerson JA, Rock BH, Smyth M, Arcan C, et al. Bright Start: description and main outcomes from a group-randomized obesity prevention trial in American Indian children. Obesity (19307381) 2012;20(11):2241-9. - PMC - PubMed
Sujová 2016 {published data only}
    1. Sujová L, Vladovičová N. School physical education and its impact on the development of motoric performance and physical fitness of third grade pupils in primary school in Banská Bystrica in Slovakia [Vplyv školskej telesnej výchovy na rozvoj pohybovej výkonnosti a telesnej zdatnosti žiakov 3. ročníka ZŠ v Banskej Bystrici v Slovenskej republike]. Physical Culture/Telesna Kultura 2016;39(1):48-59.
Sun 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sun MX, Huang XQ, Yan Y, Li BW, Zhong WJ, Chen JF, et al. One-hour after-school exercise ameliorates central adiposity and lipids in overweight Chinese adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Medical Journal (Engl) 2011;124(3):323-9. - PubMed
Sutherland 2019a {published data only}
    1. Sutherland R, Campbell E, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, et al. A cluster randomised trial of an intervention to increase the implementation of physical activity practices in secondary schools: study protocol for scaling up the Physical Activity 4 Everyone (PA4E1) program. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):883. - PMC - PubMed
Swartz 2019 {published data only}
    1. Swartz AM, Tokarek NR, Lisdahl K, Maeda H, Strath SJ, Cho CC. Do stand-biased desks in the classroom change school-time activity and sedentary behavior? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(6):933. - PMC - PubMed
Takehara 2019a {published data only}
    1. Takehara K, Ganchimeg T, Kikuchi A, Gundegmaa L, Altantsetseg L, Aoki A, et al. The effectiveness of exercise intervention for academic achievement, cognitive function, and physical health among children in Mongolia: a cluster RCT study protocol. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):697. - PMC - PubMed
Tarro 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tarro L, Llaurado E, Morina D, Sola R, Giralt M. Follow-up of a healthy lifestyle education program (the Educacio en Alimentacio Study): 2 years after cessation of intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health 2014;55(6):782-9. - PubMed
Tarro 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tarro L, Aceves-Martins M, Papell-Garcia I, Arola L, Giralt M, Llaurado E, et al. A youth-led, social marketing intervention run by adolescents to encourage healthy lifestyles among younger school peers (EYTO-Kids project): a protocol for pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (Spain). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2017;14(8):923. - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2018 {published data only}
    1. Taylor SL, Noonan RJ, Knowles ZR, Owen MB, McGrane B, Curry WB, et al. Evaluation of a pilot school-based physical activity clustered randomised controlled trial - Active Schools: Skelmersdale. International Journal of Environmental Research and Physical Activity 2018;15(5):E1011. - PMC - PubMed
Telford 2019a {published data only}
    1. Telford R, Olive L, Keegan R, Barnett L, Telford R. The physical education and physical literacy (PEPL) approach: a multicomponent primary school intervention targeting physical literacy. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22:2019 ASICS SMA Conference. Novotel Twin Waters, Australia. 22 (Suppl 2) (p S21).
Telles 2013 {published data only}
    1. Telles S, Singh N, Bhardwaj A K, Kumar A, Balkrishna A. Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 2013;7(1):37. - PMC - PubMed
Tercedor 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tercedor P, Villa-Gonzalez E, Avila-Garcia M, Diaz-Piedra C, Martinez-Baena A, Soriano-Maldonado A, et al. A school-based physical activity promotion intervention in children: rationale and study protocol for the PREVIENE Project. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):748. - PMC - PubMed
Thakur 2016 {published data only}
    1. Thakur JS, Bharti B, Tripathy JP, Dhawan V, Bhansali A. Impact of 20 week lifestyle intervention package on anthropometric biochemical and behavioral characteristics of schoolchildren in North India. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2016;62(5):368-76. - PMC - PubMed
Theodore 2018 {published data only}
    1. Theodore FL, Moreno-Saracho JE, Bonvecchio A, Morales-Ruan MD, Tolentino-Mayo L, Lopez-Olmedo N, et al. Lessons learned and insights from the implementation of a food and physical activity policy to prevent obesity in Mexican schools: an analysis of nationally representative survey results. PLoS One 2018;13(6):e0198585. - PMC - PubMed
Tian 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tian HL, Du Toit D, Toriola AL. The effects of an enhanced quality physical education programme on the physical activity levels of Grade 7 learners in Potchefstroom, South Africa. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 2017;22(1):35-50.
Tolano 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tolano Fierros EJ, Dórame Chávez DC, Preciado Flores MD, Toledo Domínguez ID, Serna Gutiérrez A, Omar Iván GN. Effect of a sports initiation school program in conditional physical capabilities [Efecto de un programa de iniciación deportiva escolar en las capacidades físicas condicionales]. E-balonmano.com: Journal of Sports Science 2015;11(2):177-83.
Tomlin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Tomlin D, Naylor PJ, McKay H, Zorzi A, Mitchell M, Panagiotopoulos C. The impact of Action Schools! BC on the health of Aboriginal children and youth living in rural and remote communities in British Columbia. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 2012;71(1):17999. - PMC - PubMed
Trajkovic 2020 {published data only}
    1. Trajkovic N, Madic DM, Milanovic Z, Macak D, Padulo J, Krustrup P, et al. Eight months of school-based soccer improves physical fitness and reduces aggression in high-school children. Biology of Sport 2020;37(2):185-93. - PMC - PubMed
Treu 2017 {published data only}
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    1. Tumynaitė L, Miežienė B, Ching Mok MM, Chin M, Putriūtė V, Rupainienė V, et al. Effects of intervention “Hopsport Brain Breaks” program on physical fitness and sedentary behaviour in primary school. Education Physical Training Sport 2014;94(3):57-66.
Tymms 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tymms PB, Curtis SE, Routen AC, Thomson KH, Bolden DS, Bock S, et al. Clustered randomised controlled trial of two education interventions designed to increase physical activity and well-being of secondary school students: the MOVE Project. BMJ Open 2016;6(1):e009318. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Uys M, Draper CE, Hendricks S, Villiers A, Fourie J, Steyn NP, et al. Impact of a South African school-based intervention, Healthkick, on fitness correlates. American Journal of Health Behavior 2016;40(1):55-66. - PubMed
van den Berg 2019 {published data only}
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van den Berg 2019a {published data only}
    1. den Berg V, Singh AS, Komen A, Hazelebach C, Hilvoorde I, Cinapaw MJ. Integrating juggling with math lessons: a randomized controlled trial assessing effects of physically active learning on maths performance and enjoyment in primary school children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019;16(14):E2452. - PMC - PubMed
van der Niet 2016 {published data only}
    1. Niet AG, Smith J, Oosterlaan J, Scherder EJ, Hartman E, Visscher C. Effects of a cognitively demanding aerobic intervention during recess on children's physical fitness and executive functioning. Pediatric Exercise Science 2016;28(1):64-70. - PubMed
Vander Ploeg 2014 {published data only}
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van Dongen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dongen BM, Ridder MAM, Steenhuis IHM, Renders CM. Background and evaluation design of a community-based health-promoting school intervention: Fit Lifestyle at School and at Home (FLASH). BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):784. - PMC - PubMed
Van Kann 2015 {published data only}
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van Stralen 2012 {published data only}
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Verloigne 2012 {published data only}
    1. Verloigne M, Bere E, Van Lippevelde W, Maes L, Lien N, Vik FN, et al. The effect of the UP4FUN pilot intervention on objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity in 10-12 year old children in Belgium: the ENERGY-project. BMC Public Health 2012;12:805. - PMC - PubMed
Verloigne 2018 {published data only}
    1. Verloigne M, Ridgers ND, De Bourdeaudhuiji I, Cardon G. Effect and process evaluation of implementing standing desks in primary and secondary schools in Belgium: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2018;15:94. - PMC - PubMed
Verstraete 2006 {published data only}
    1. Verstraete SJ, Cardon GM, De Clercq DL, De Bourdeaudhuij IMM. Increasing children's physical activity levels during recess periods in elementary schools: the effects of providing game equipment. European Journal of Public Health 2006;16(4):415-9. - PubMed
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Vetter 2018 {published data only}
    1. Vetter M, O'Connor H, O'Dwyer N, Orr R. Learning "Math on the Move": effectiveness of a combined numeracy and physical activity program for primary school children. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2018;15(7):492-8. - PubMed
Vetter 2020 {published data only}
    1. Vetter M, O'Connor HT, O'Dwyer N, Chau J, Orr R. 'Maths on the move': effectiveness of physically-active lessons for learning maths and increasing physical activity in primary school students. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2020;23(8):735-9. - PubMed
Vidoni 2012 {published data only}
    1. Vidoni C, Azevedo L, Eberline A. Effects of a group contingency strategy on middle school physical education students' heart rates. European Physical Education Review 2012;18(1):78-96.
Vieira 2019 {published data only}
    1. Vieira M, Carvalho GS. Costs and benefits of a school-based health intervention in Portugal. Health Promotion International 2019;34(6):1141-8. - PubMed
Villa‐Gonzalez 2017 {published data only}
    1. Villa-Gonzalez E, Ruiz JR, Mendoza JA, Chillon P. Effects of a school-based intervention on active commuting to school and health-related fitness. BMC Public Health 2017;17(1):20. - PMC - PubMed
Wade 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wade L, Smith J, Lubans D, Duncan M. The influence of exercise in the natural environment on adolescents’ sustained attention and working memory: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2019;22:S20-1.
Wadolowska 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wadolowska L, Hamulka J, Kowalkowska J, Ulewicz N, Hoffmann M, Gornicka M, et al. Changes in sedentary and active lifestyle, diet quality and body composition nine months after an education program in Polish students aged 11(-)12 years: report from the ABC of Healthy Eating study. Nutrients 2019;11(2):E331. - PMC - PubMed
Wadsworth 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wadsworth DD, Rudisill ME, Russell JA, McDonald JR, Pascoe DD. Providing access to physical activity: the intersection of teaching, outreach, and scholarship. Kinesiology Review 2015;4(4):409-15.
Wallinga 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wallinga M, Takahashi S, Fischer J, Carr T, Anderson-Knott M, De Guzman M, et al. Effectiveness of Kidquest, an in-classroom nutrition and physical activity program, on physical activity behaviors of middle school youth. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics 2014;114(9):A93.
Wang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wang C, Seo D, Geib R, Wroblewski N, Van Puymbroeck M, Kolbe L. OA13.04. Physical health benefits of health Qigong and Energize programs in American elementary school classrooms. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012;12:1-1.
Wang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Wang H, Li T, Siahpush M, Chen LW, Huberty J. Cost-effectiveness of Ready for Recess to promote physical activity in children. Journal of School Health 2017;87(4):278-85. - PubMed
Wassenaar 2019a {published data only}
    1. Wassenaar TM, Wheatley CM, Beale N, Salvan P, Meaney A, Possee JB, et al. Effects of a programme of vigorous physical activity during secondary school physical education on academic performance, fitness, cognition, mental health and the brain of adolescents (Fit to Study): study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial. Trials 2019;20(1):189. - PMC - PubMed
Watanabe 2016 {published data only}
    1. Watanabe J, Watanabe M, Yamaoka K, Adachi M, Nemoto A, Tango T. Effect of school-based home-collaborative lifestyle education on reducing subjective psychosomatic symptoms in adolescents: a cluster randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2016;11(10):e0165285. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 2017 {published data only}
    1. Watson A, Timperio A, Brown H, Hesketh KD. A primary school active break programme (ACTI-BREAK): study protocol for a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):433. - PMC - PubMed
Watson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Watson A, Timperio TA, Brown H, Hesketh KD. Process evaluation of a classroom active break (ACTI-BREAK) program for improving academic-related and physical activity outcomes for students in years 3 and 4. BMC Public Health 2019;19:633. - PMC - PubMed
Weaver 2018 {published data only}
    1. Weaver RG, Webster CA, Beets MW, Brazendale K, Chandler J, Schisler L, et al. Initial outcomes of a participatory-based, competency-building approach to increasing physical education teachers' physical activity promotion and students' physical activity: a pilot study. Health Education and Behavior 2018;45(3):359-70. - PubMed
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    1. Weaver RG, Webster CA, Egan C, Campos CM, Michael RD, Vazou S. Partnerships for active children in elementary schools: outcomes of a 2-year pilot study to increase physical activity during the school day. American Journal of Health Promotion 2018;32(3):621-30. - PubMed
Weber 2017 {published data only}
    1. Weber KS, Sporkel O, Mertens M, Freese A, Strassburger K, Kemper B, et al. Positive effects of promoting physical activity and balanced diets in a primary school setting with a high proportion of migrant school children. Experimental & Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 2017;125(8):554-62. - PubMed
Webster 2015 {published data only}
    1. Webster CA, Beets M, Weaver RG, Vazou S, Russ L. Rethinking recommendations for implementing comprehensive school physical activity programs: a partnership model. Quest 2015;67(2):185-202.
Weiss 2015 {published data only}
    1. Weiss MR, Phillips AC, Kipp LE. Effectiveness of a school-based fitness program on youths' physical and psychosocial health outcomes. Pediatric Exercise Science 2015;27(4):546-57. - PubMed
Weiss 2019 {published data only}
    1. Weiss MR, Kipp LE, Phillips Reichter A, Espinoza SM, Bolter ND. Girls on the Run: impact of a physical activity youth development program on psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. Pediatric Exercise Science 2019;31(3):330-40. - PubMed
Welk 2016 {published data only}
    1. Welk GJ, Bai Y, Saint-Maurice PF, Allums-Featherston K, Candelaria N. Design and evaluation of the NFL PLAY 60 FITNESSGRAM partnership project. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 2016;87(1):1-13. - PubMed
Wells 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wells NM, Myers BM, Henderson CR. Study protocol: effects of school gardens on children's physical activity. Archives of Public Health 2014;72(1):43. - PMC - PubMed
White 2018 {published data only}
    1. White ML, Renfrow MS, Farley RS, Fuller DK, Eveland-Sayers BM, Caputo JL. A cross-training program does not alter self-reported physical activity levels in elementary school children. International Journal of Exercise Science 2018;11(5):308-18. - PMC - PubMed
White 2018a {published data only}
    1. White ML, Renfrow MS, Farley RS, Fuller DK, Sayers EB, Caputo MJL. A cross-training program does not alter self-reported physical activity levels in elementary school children. International Journal of Exercise Science 2018;11(5):308-18. - PMC - PubMed
Whitt‐Glover 2011 {published data only}
    1. Whitt-Glover MC, Ham SA, Yancey AK. Instant Recess(R): a practical tool for increasing physical activity during the school day. Progress in Community Health Partnerships 2011;5(3):289-97. - PubMed
Whooten 2018 {published data only}
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Widhalm 2018 {published data only}
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Wilkinson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wilkinson S, Colin J. Effective use of the physical education and school sport premium. Physical Education Matters 2013;8(2):8-10.
Williams 2014 {published data only}
    1. Williams AS, Wright BK, Williams CT. Juxtaposing sport and public health: the case of Fit University, Inc. Choregia 2014;10(1):57-69.
Williamson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Williamson DA, Champagne CM, Harsha DW, Han H, Martin CK, Newton RL, et al. Effect of an environmental school-based obesity prevention program on changes in body fat and body weight: a randomized trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012;20(8):1653-61. - PMC - PubMed
Willis 2019a {published data only}
    1. Willis K, Tibbitts B, Sebire SJ, Reid T, MacNeill SJ, Sanderson E, et al. Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of a Peer-Led physical Activity iNtervention for Adolescent girls (PLAN-A). BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):644. - PMC - PubMed
Wilson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wilson DK, Griffin S, Saunders RP, Kitzman-Ulrich H, Meyers DC, Mansard L. Using process evaluation for program improvement in dose, fidelity and reach: the ACT trial experience. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009;6:79. - PMC - PubMed
Winkler 2016 {published data only}
    1. Winkler L, Thoreux P, Lhuissier FJ. Lien entre le score de fatigue de l’enfant sportif et la présence de blessures en section sportive scolaire. Science & Sports 2016;31(3):135-44.
Woods‐Townsend 2015 {published data only}
    1. Woods-Townsend K, Bagust L, Barker M, Christodoulou A, Davey H, Godfrey K, et al. Engaging teenagers in improving their health behaviours and increasing their interest in science (Evaluation of LifeLab Southampton): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2015;16:372. - PMC - PubMed
Wyatt 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wyatt KM, Lloyd J. Is the healthy lifestyle programme an acceptable and feasible school-based intervention to prevent obesity? Obesity Reviews 2011;12:270-1.
Xu 2015 {published data only}
    1. Xu F, Ware RS, Leslie E, Tse LA, Wang ZY, Li JQ, et al. Effectiveness of a randomized controlled lifestyle intervention to prevent obesity among Chinese primary school students: CLICK-Obesity study. PLoS One 2015;10(10):e0141421. - PMC - PubMed
Yañez 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yañez MV, Alarcón VC, Salazar CM. Effect of a physical activity intervention program on BMI and distance covered in the 6-minute walk test in children at Transition Level 2 (NT2) in Collipulli, Araucanía region [Efecto de un programa de intervención de actividad física sobre el imc y la distancia recorrida en el test de 6 min en niños y niñas de Nivel Transición 2 (nt2) en la comuna de Collipulli, región de la Araucanía]. Revista Ciencias de la Actividad Física UCM 2015;16(2):47-56.
Yang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Yang Y, Kang B, Lee EY, Yang HK, Kim HS, Lim SY, et al. Effect of an obesity prevention program focused on motivating environments in childhood: a school-based prospective study. International Journal of Obesity 2017;41(7):1027-34. - PubMed
You 2013 {published data only}
    1. You F, Zan G, Hannon J, Shultz B, Newton M, Sibthorp J. Influence of a health-related physical fitness model on students' physical activity, perceived competence, and enjoyment. Perceptual & Motor Skills 2013;117(3):956-70. - PubMed
Yu 2020 {published data only}
    1. Yu HJ, Li F, Hu YF, Li CF, Yuan S, Song Y, et al. Improving the metabolic and mental health of children with obesity: a school-based nutrition education and physical activity intervention in Wuhan, China. Nutrients 2020;12(1):194. - PMC - PubMed
Семенов 2017 {published data only}
    1. Семенов, Л А. Effects of third physical education lesson on primary pupils' physical conditioning process [Влияние третьего урока физической культуры на кондиционную подготовленность учащихся младших класс ов]. Teoria i Praktika Fiziceskoj Kul'tury 2017;5:100-2.
项立敏 2016 {published data only}
    1. 项立敏. A study of the connotations of implementing compulsory physical education in schools in China [我国学校实施强制体育的内涵]. Journal of Physical Education/Tiyu Xuekan 2016;23(2):107-11.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Brown 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN31583496
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Chen 2015 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Ma L, Ma Y, Wang H, Luo J, Zhang X, et al. A national school-based health lifestyles interventions among Chinese children and adolescents against obesity: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in China. BMC Public Health 2015;15:210. - PMC - PubMed
Friedrich 2015 {published data only}
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Kovalskys 2017 {published data only}ISRCTN58093412
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Lonsdale 2016 {published data only}ACTRN12616000731493
    1. Lonsdale C, Sanders T, Cohen KE, Parker P, Noetel M, Hartwig T, et al. Scaling-up an efficacious school-based physical activity intervention: study protocol for the 'Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers support Activity in Youth' (iPLAY) cluster randomized controlled trial and scale-up implementation evaluation. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):873. - PMC - PubMed
Martinez‐Vizcaino 2019 {published data only}NCT03236337
    1. Martinez-Vizcaino V, Alvarez-Bueno C, Cavero-Redondo I, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Garrido-Miguel M, Martinez-Hortelano JA, et al. MOVI-daFIT! Intervention: rationale and design of a cluster randomized controlled trial testing the effects on improving adiposity, cognition, and subclinical atherosclerosis by increasing cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(9):e14737. - PMC - PubMed
Nathan 2019 {published data only}ACTRN12617001265369
    1. Nathan N, Wiggers J, Bauman AE, Rissel C, Searles A, Reeves P, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of an intervention to increase the implementation of school physical activity policies and guidelines: study protocol for the physically active children in education (PACE) study. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):170. - PMC - PubMed
NCT03983447 {published data only}
    1. School intervention to promote physical activity and reduce the sedentary time of low-income children aged 6-13 years. 2019. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03983447.
O'Malley 2011 {published data only}
    1. O'Malley CL, Douthwaite W, Moore HJ, Summerbell CD, Batterham AM. TeesCAKE (teesside consumption and activity for kids experience) project: effectiveness of an evidence-based health promotion intervention in children aged 9-10 years living within a socially deprived area of the UK. Obesity Reviews 2011;12:74-5.
Salmon 2011a {published data only}
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Takehara 2019 {published data only}
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Demetriou 2019 {published data only}
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NCT03504059 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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Publication types

Associated data