E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics and E-cigarette dependence: A pilot study of pod-based and disposable E-cigarette users

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107117

. 2022 Jan:124:107117.

doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107117. Epub 2021 Sep 13.

E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics and E-cigarette dependence: A pilot study of pod-based and disposable E-cigarette users

Affiliations

¹ Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: edo@truthinitiative.org.
² Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: koconnor@truthinitiative.org.
³ Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: sperks@truthinitiative.org.
⁴ Department of Health Education and Promotion, Milken Institute School of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department (Health Program), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: soulee18@ecu.edu.
⁵ Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department (Health Program), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: teissenb@vcu.edu.
⁶ Truth Initiative Innovations Department, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: mamato@truthinitiative.org.
⁷ Truth Initiative Innovations Department, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: agraham@truthinitiative.org.
⁸ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: Corby.Martin@pbrc.edu.
⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: Christoph.Hoechsmann@pbrc.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: Bernard.Fuemmeler@vcuhealth.org.

PMID: 34555560
PMCID: PMC8511126
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107117

E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics and E-cigarette dependence: A pilot study of pod-based and disposable E-cigarette users

Elizabeth K Do et al. Addict Behav. 2022 Jan.

. 2022 Jan:124:107117.

doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107117. Epub 2021 Sep 13.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: edo@truthinitiative.org.
² Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: koconnor@truthinitiative.org.
³ Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: sperks@truthinitiative.org.
⁴ Department of Health Education and Promotion, Milken Institute School of Public Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department (Health Program), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: soulee18@ecu.edu.
⁵ Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Psychology Department (Health Program), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: teissenb@vcu.edu.
⁶ Truth Initiative Innovations Department, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: mamato@truthinitiative.org.
⁷ Truth Initiative Innovations Department, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: agraham@truthinitiative.org.
⁸ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: Corby.Martin@pbrc.edu.
⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: Christoph.Hoechsmann@pbrc.edu.
¹⁰ Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: Bernard.Fuemmeler@vcuhealth.org.

PMID: 34555560
PMCID: PMC8511126
DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107117

Abstract

Background: E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics, such as electrical power output and liquid nicotine concentration, determine the rate at which nicotine is emitted from the e-cigarette (i.e., nicotine flux), and thus are likely to influence user nicotine dependence. We hypothesize that nicotine flux would be associated with the E-cigarette Dependence Scale (EDS) among pod-based and disposable e-cigarette products.

Methods: Data were obtained from online panel participants between 18 and 65 years of age, who had indicated that they were either former or current e-cigarette users and resided within the United States (N = 1036). To be included in these analyses, participants had to provide information regarding device type (pod-based or disposable), power (watts), and nicotine concentration (mg/mL), from which we could determine nicotine flux (µg/s) (N = 666). To assess the relationship between nicotine flux and EDS, a series of multivariable linear regressions were conducted. Each model was separated by device type and adjusted for by age and past 30-day e-cigarette use.

Results: Greater nicotine flux was associated with higher EDS scores among pod-based e-cigarette users (beta = 0.19, SE = 0.09, p-value = 0.043), but not users of disposable e-cigarettes. Neither power nor nicotine concentration were associated with EDS scores among users of either e-cigarette device type.

Conclusion: Results support the hypothesis that nicotine flux is positively associated with nicotine dependence in a sample of current users of pod-based and disposable e-cigarettes.

Keywords: E-cigarette; Nicotine concentration; Nicotine dependence; Nicotine flux; Power.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES / CONFLICTS OF INTEREST STATEMENT: Eric Soule, Corby Martin, Thomas Eissenberg, and Bernard Fuemmeler are named on a patent application for a smartphone app that determines electronic cigarette device and liquid characteristics. Thomas Eissenberg is a paid consultant in litigation against the tobacco and electronic cigarette industry and is named on a patent for a device that measures the puffing behavior of electronic cigarette users. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Cited by

A randomised, crossover, clinical study to assess nicotine pharmacokinetics and subjective effects of the BIDI^® stick ENDS compared with combustible cigarettes and a comparator ENDS in adult smokers.
Fearon IM, Gilligan K, Seltzer RGN, McKinney W. Fearon IM, et al. Harm Reduct J. 2022 Jun 2;19(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12954-022-00638-0. Harm Reduct J. 2022. PMID: 35655314 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
Nicotine Intake in Adult Pod E-cigarette Users: Impact of User and Device Characteristics.
Giberson J, Nardone N, Addo N, Khan S, Jacob P, Benowitz N, St Helen G. Giberson J, et al. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023 Jul 14;25(8):1489-1495. doi: 10.1093/ntr/ntad050. Nicotine Tob Res. 2023. PMID: 37061820 Free PMC article.
Features of disposable e-cigarettes and their association with pricing and consumer preference: Evidence from web data of US online stores.
Ma S, Ahn S, Kaareen A, Yang Q, Qiu Z, Chen J, Berman M, Wagener T, Shang C. Ma S, et al. Addiction. 2025 Mar;120(3):514-523. doi: 10.1111/add.16719. Epub 2024 Dec 23. Addiction. 2025. PMID: 39711153 Free PMC article.
Nicotine Dependency Levels Among Adult Electronic Cigarette Smokers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study.
Yahya L, Mandoura N, Harere R. Yahya L, et al. Cureus. 2024 May 25;16(5):e61038. doi: 10.7759/cureus.61038. eCollection 2024 May. Cureus. 2024. PMID: 38800771 Free PMC article.
E-cigarette Device Type, Source, and Use Behaviors of Youth and Young Adults: Findings from the Truth Longitudinal Cohort (2020-2021).
Do EK, Aarvig K, Donovan EM, Barrington-Trimis JL, Vallone DM, Hair EC. Do EK, et al. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58(6):796-803. doi: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2188555. Epub 2023 Mar 16. Subst Use Misuse. 2023. PMID: 36924188 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. Boykan R, Goniewicz ML, & Messina CR (2019). Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2135. 10.3390/ijerph16122135 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramôa C, El-Hellani A, & Eissenberg T (2017). Electronic cigarettes: What are they and what do they do? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1394(1), 5–30. 10.1111/nyas.12977 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, & Laugesen M (2010). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control, 19(2), 98–103. 10.1136/tc.2009.031567 - DOI - PubMed
1. Cobb CO, Hendricks PS, & Eissenberg T (2015). Electronic cigarettes and nicotine dependence: Evolving products, evolving problems. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 119. 10.1186/s12916-015-0355-y - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Dawkins LE, Kimber CF, Doig M, Feyerabend C, & Corcoran O (2016). Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: Blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology, 233(15–16), 2933–2941. 10.1007/s00213-016-4338-2 - DOI - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

[1] Boykan R, Goniewicz ML, & Messina CR (2019). Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2135. 10.3390/ijerph16122135 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Boykan R, Goniewicz ML, & Messina CR (2019). Evidence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents Who Use Juul and Similar Pod Devices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(12), 2135. 10.3390/ijerph16122135 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramôa C, El-Hellani A, & Eissenberg T (2017). Electronic cigarettes: What are they and what do they do? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1394(1), 5–30. 10.1111/nyas.12977 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Breland A, Soule E, Lopez A, Ramôa C, El-Hellani A, & Eissenberg T (2017). Electronic cigarettes: What are they and what do they do? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1394(1), 5–30. 10.1111/nyas.12977 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, & Laugesen M (2010). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control, 19(2), 98–103. 10.1136/tc.2009.031567 - DOI - PubMed

[6] Bullen C, McRobbie H, Thornley S, Glover M, Lin R, & Laugesen M (2010). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control, 19(2), 98–103. 10.1136/tc.2009.031567 - DOI - PubMed

[7] Cobb CO, Hendricks PS, & Eissenberg T (2015). Electronic cigarettes and nicotine dependence: Evolving products, evolving problems. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 119. 10.1186/s12916-015-0355-y - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Cobb CO, Hendricks PS, & Eissenberg T (2015). Electronic cigarettes and nicotine dependence: Evolving products, evolving problems. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 119. 10.1186/s12916-015-0355-y - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Dawkins LE, Kimber CF, Doig M, Feyerabend C, & Corcoran O (2016). Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: Blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology, 233(15–16), 2933–2941. 10.1007/s00213-016-4338-2 - DOI - PubMed

[10] Dawkins LE, Kimber CF, Doig M, Feyerabend C, & Corcoran O (2016). Self-titration by experienced e-cigarette users: Blood nicotine delivery and subjective effects. Psychopharmacology, 233(15–16), 2933–2941. 10.1007/s00213-016-4338-2 - DOI - PubMed

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics and E-cigarette dependence: A pilot study of pod-based and disposable E-cigarette users

Affiliations

E-cigarette device and liquid characteristics and E-cigarette dependence: A pilot study of pod-based and disposable E-cigarette users

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous