WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections

Massimo Sartelli¹, Federico Coccolini², Yoram Kluger³, Ervis Agastra⁴, Fikri M Abu-Zidan⁵, Ashraf El Sayed Abbas⁶, Luca Ansaloni⁷, Abdulrashid Kayode Adesunkanmi⁸, Boyko Atanasov⁹, Goran Augustin¹⁰, Miklosh Bala¹¹, Oussama Baraket¹², Suman Baral¹³, Walter L Biffl¹⁴, Marja A Boermeester¹⁵, Marco Ceresoli¹⁶, Elisabetta Cerutti¹⁷, Osvaldo Chiara¹⁸, Enrico Cicuttin², Massimo Chiarugi², Raul Coimbra¹⁹, Elif Colak²⁰, Daniela Corsi²¹, Francesco Cortese²², Yunfeng Cui²³, Dimitris Damaskos²⁴, Nicola De' Angelis^{25

26}, Samir Delibegovic²⁷, Zaza Demetrashvili²⁸, Belinda De Simone²⁹, Stijn W de Jonge¹⁴, Sameer Dhingra³⁰, Stefano Di Bella³¹, Francesco Di Marzo³², Salomone Di Saverio³³, Agron Dogjani³⁴, Therese M Duane³⁵, Mushira Abdulaziz Enani³⁶, Paola Fugazzola⁷, Joseph M Galante³⁷, Mahir Gachabayov³⁸, Wagih Ghnnam³⁹, George Gkiokas⁴⁰, Carlos Augusto Gomes⁴¹, Ewen A Griffiths⁴², Timothy C Hardcastle⁴³, Andreas Hecker⁴⁴, Torsten Herzog⁴⁵, Syed Mohammad Umar Kabir⁴⁶, Aleksandar Karamarkovic⁴⁷, Vladimir Khokha⁴⁸, Peter K Kim⁴⁹, Jae Il Kim⁵⁰, Andrew W Kirkpatrick⁵¹, Victor Kong⁵², Renol M Koshy⁵³, Igor A Kryvoruchko⁵⁴, Kenji Inaba⁵⁵, Arda Isik⁵⁶, Katia Iskandar⁵⁷, Rao Ivatury⁵⁸, Francesco M Labricciosa⁵⁹, Yeong Yeh Lee⁶⁰, Ari Leppäniemi⁶¹, Andrey Litvin⁶², Davide Luppi⁶³, Gustavo M Machain⁶⁴, Ronald V Maier⁶⁵, Athanasios Marinis⁶⁶, Cristina Marmorale⁶⁷, Sanjay Marwah⁶⁸, Cristian Mesina⁶⁹, Ernest E Moore⁷⁰, Frederick A Moore⁷¹, Ionut Negoi⁷², Iyiade Olaoye⁷³, Carlos A Ordoñez^{74

75}, Mouaqit Ouadii⁷⁶, Andrew B Peitzman⁷⁷, Gennaro Perrone⁷⁸, Manos Pikoulis⁷⁹, Tadeja Pintar⁸⁰, Giuseppe Pipitone⁸¹, Mauro Podda⁸², Kemal Raşa⁸³, Julival Ribeiro⁸⁴, Gabriel Rodrigues⁸⁵, Ines Rubio-Perez⁸⁶, Ibrahima Sall⁸⁷, Norio Sato⁸⁸, Robert G Sawyer⁸⁹, Helmut Segovia Lohse⁶⁴, Gabriele Sganga⁹⁰, Vishal G Shelat⁹¹, Ian Stephens⁴⁶, Michael Sugrue⁴⁶, Antonio Tarasconi⁷⁸, Joel Noutakdie Tochie⁹², Matti Tolonen⁶¹, Gia Tomadze⁹³, Jan Ulrych⁹⁴, Andras Vereczkei⁹⁵, Bruno Viaggi⁹⁶, Chiara Gurioli⁹⁷, Claudio Casella⁹⁸, Leonardo Pagani⁹⁹, Gian Luca Baiocchi^{100

101}, Fausto Catena⁷⁸

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy. massimosartelli@gmail.com.
² Department of General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
³ Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
⁴ General Surgery Department, Regional Hospital of Durres, Durres, Albania.
⁵ Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ Department of General and Emergency Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁷ Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
⁹ Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, UMHAT Eurohospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹ Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹² Department of general surgery Bizerte hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
¹³ Department of Surgery, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital Ltd., Palpa, Tansen, Nepal.
¹⁴ Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁶ Emergency and General Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
¹⁷ Anesthesia and Transplant Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
¹⁸ Emergency Department, Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
¹⁹ Riverside University Health System, CECORC Research Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA.
²⁰ Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
²¹ General Direction, Area Vasta 3, ASUR Marche, Macerata, Italy.
²² Emergency Surgery Unit, San Filippo Neri's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
²³ Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
²⁴ Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁵ Minimally Invasive and Robotic Digestive Surgery Unit, Regional General Hospital F. Miulli, Bari, Italy.
²⁶ Université Paris Est, UPEC, Creteil, France.
²⁷ Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
²⁸ Department General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁹ Department of general, Digestive and Metabolic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal De Poissy/St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France.
³⁰ Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India.
³¹ Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy.
³² General Surgery Unit, Sansepolcro Hospital, Arezzo, Italy.
³³ Department of General Surgery, University of Insubria, University Hospital of Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Regione Lombardia, Varese, Italy.
³⁴ Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma, Tirana, Albania.
³⁵ Department of Surgery, Texas Health Resources, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³⁷ Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
³⁸ Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir, Russia.
³⁹ Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁴⁰ Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁴¹ Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitário Terezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
⁴² Department of Upper GI Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
⁴³ Trauma Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and Department of Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁴⁶ Donegal Clinical Research Academy Emergency Surgery Outcome Project, Letterkenny University Hospital, Donegal, Ireland.
⁴⁷ Surgical Clinic "Nikola Spasic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴⁸ Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus.
⁴⁹ Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
⁵¹ General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada.
⁵² Department of Surgery, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
⁵³ Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
⁵⁴ Department of Surgery #2, National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
⁵⁵ Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁵⁸ Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁵⁹ Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery, Macerata, Italy.
⁶⁰ School of Medical Sciences, Universitiy Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁶¹ Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶² Department of Surgical Disciplines, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinical Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russia.
⁶³ Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ASMN, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
⁶⁴ Department of Surgery, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁶⁶ First Department of Surgery, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
⁶⁷ Department of Surgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
⁶⁸ Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.
⁶⁹ Second Surgical Clinic, Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
⁷⁰ Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Denver, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁷² Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
⁷³ Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.
⁷⁴ Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.
⁷⁵ Department of Surgery, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
⁷⁶ Department of Surgery, Hassan II University Hospital, Medical School of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
⁷⁷ Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, USA.
⁷⁸ Department of Emergency Surgery, Parma Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy.
⁷⁹ 3rd Department of Surgery, Attiko Hospital, MSc "Global Health-Disaster Medicine", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.
⁸⁰ Department of Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸¹ National Institute for Infectious Diseases - INMI - Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁸² Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Cagliari University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Surgery, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey.
⁸⁴ Infection Control, Hospital de Base, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
⁸⁵ Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College & Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
⁸⁶ General Surgery Department, Colorectal Surgery Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
⁸⁷ General Surgery Department, Military Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
⁸⁸ Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
⁸⁹ Department of Surgery, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
⁹⁰ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Emergency Surgery & Trauma, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁹¹ Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
⁹² Department of Emergency medicine, Anesthesiology and critical care, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
⁹³ Surgery Department, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹⁴ First Department of Surgery, Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹⁵ Department of Surgery, Clinical Center University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
⁹⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, Neuro Intensive Care Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
⁹⁷ Department of Surgery, Camerino Hospital, Macerata, Italy.
⁹⁸ Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
⁹⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Bolzano Hospital, Bolzano, Italy.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Surgery, AAST Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
¹⁰¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

PMID: 34563232
PMCID: PMC8467193
DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00387-8

Review

WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections

Massimo Sartelli et al. World J Emerg Surg. 2021.

. 2021 Sep 25;16(1):49.

doi: 10.1186/s13017-021-00387-8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Surgery Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy. massimosartelli@gmail.com.
² Department of General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
³ Department of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
⁴ General Surgery Department, Regional Hospital of Durres, Durres, Albania.
⁵ Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ Department of General and Emergency Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁷ Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
⁸ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Osun State, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
⁹ Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv, UMHAT Eurohospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
¹⁰ Department of Surgery, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
¹¹ Trauma and Acute Care Surgery Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
¹² Department of general surgery Bizerte hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
¹³ Department of Surgery, Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital Ltd., Palpa, Tansen, Nepal.
¹⁴ Division of Trauma/Acute Care Surgery, Scripps Clinic Medical Group, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
¹⁶ Emergency and General Surgery Department, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
¹⁷ Anesthesia and Transplant Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy.
¹⁸ Emergency Department, Niguarda Ca'Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
¹⁹ Riverside University Health System, CECORC Research Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA.
²⁰ Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Samsun Training and Research Hospital, Samsun, Turkey.
²¹ General Direction, Area Vasta 3, ASUR Marche, Macerata, Italy.
²² Emergency Surgery Unit, San Filippo Neri's Hospital, Rome, Italy.
²³ Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
²⁴ Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
²⁵ Minimally Invasive and Robotic Digestive Surgery Unit, Regional General Hospital F. Miulli, Bari, Italy.
²⁶ Université Paris Est, UPEC, Creteil, France.
²⁷ Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
²⁸ Department General Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia.
²⁹ Department of general, Digestive and Metabolic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal De Poissy/St Germain en Laye, Poissy, France.
³⁰ Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India.
³¹ Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy.
³² General Surgery Unit, Sansepolcro Hospital, Arezzo, Italy.
³³ Department of General Surgery, University of Insubria, University Hospital of Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Regione Lombardia, Varese, Italy.
³⁴ Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Trauma, Tirana, Albania.
³⁵ Department of Surgery, Texas Health Resources, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Division, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
³⁷ Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
³⁸ Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Clinical Hospital of Emergency Medicine, Vladimir, Russia.
³⁹ Department of General Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
⁴⁰ Second Department of Surgery, Aretaieion University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
⁴¹ Department of Surgery, Hospital Universitário Terezinha de Jesus, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
⁴² Department of Upper GI Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
⁴³ Trauma Service, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital and Department of Surgery, Nelson R Mandela School of Clinical Medicine, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
⁴⁵ Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
⁴⁶ Donegal Clinical Research Academy Emergency Surgery Outcome Project, Letterkenny University Hospital, Donegal, Ireland.
⁴⁷ Surgical Clinic "Nikola Spasic", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
⁴⁸ Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus.
⁴⁹ Department of Surgery, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Surgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
⁵¹ General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada.
⁵² Department of Surgery, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
⁵³ Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Coventry & Warwickshire, Coventry, UK.
⁵⁴ Department of Surgery #2, National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
⁵⁵ Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁵⁶ Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
⁵⁷ Department of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
⁵⁸ Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
⁵⁹ Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery, Macerata, Italy.
⁶⁰ School of Medical Sciences, Universitiy Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁶¹ Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶² Department of Surgical Disciplines, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinical Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russia.
⁶³ Department of General and Emergency Surgery, ASMN, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
⁶⁴ Department of Surgery, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay.
⁶⁵ Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁶⁶ First Department of Surgery, Tzaneion General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.
⁶⁷ Department of Surgery, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
⁶⁸ Department of Surgery, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India.
⁶⁹ Second Surgical Clinic, Emergency Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania.
⁷⁰ Ernest E Moore Shock Trauma Center at Denver Health, Denver, USA.
⁷¹ Department of Surgery, Division of Acute Care Surgery, and Center for Sepsis and Critical Illness Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁷² Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.
⁷³ Department of Surgery, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria.
⁷⁴ Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia.
⁷⁵ Department of Surgery, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
⁷⁶ Department of Surgery, Hassan II University Hospital, Medical School of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Benabdellah University, Fez, Morocco.
⁷⁷ Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, USA.
⁷⁸ Department of Emergency Surgery, Parma Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy.
⁷⁹ 3rd Department of Surgery, Attiko Hospital, MSc "Global Health-Disaster Medicine", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece.
⁸⁰ Department of Surgery, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸¹ National Institute for Infectious Diseases - INMI - Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁸² Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Cagliari University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy.
⁸³ Department of Surgery, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey.
⁸⁴ Infection Control, Hospital de Base, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
⁸⁵ Department of General Surgery, Kasturba Medical College & Hospital, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
⁸⁶ General Surgery Department, Colorectal Surgery Unit, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
⁸⁷ General Surgery Department, Military Teaching Hospital, Dakar, Senegal.
⁸⁸ Department of Aeromedical Services for Emergency and Trauma Care, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
⁸⁹ Department of Surgery, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
⁹⁰ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Emergency Surgery & Trauma, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
⁹¹ Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
⁹² Department of Emergency medicine, Anesthesiology and critical care, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
⁹³ Surgery Department, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
⁹⁴ First Department of Surgery, Department of Abdominal, Thoracic Surgery and Traumatology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹⁵ Department of Surgery, Clinical Center University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
⁹⁶ Department of Anesthesiology, Neuro Intensive Care Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
⁹⁷ Department of Surgery, Camerino Hospital, Macerata, Italy.
⁹⁸ Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
⁹⁹ Department of Infectious Diseases, Bolzano Hospital, Bolzano, Italy.
¹⁰⁰ Department of Surgery, AAST Cremona, Cremona, Italy.
¹⁰¹ Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

PMID: 34563232
PMCID: PMC8467193
DOI: 10.1186/s13017-021-00387-8

Abstract

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in hospitals worldwide. The cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs include early recognition, adequate source control, appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and prompt physiologic stabilization using a critical care environment, combined with an optimal surgical approach. Together, the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES), the Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery (GAIS), the Surgical Infection Society-Europe (SIS-E), the World Surgical Infection Society (WSIS), and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) have jointly completed an international multi-society document in order to facilitate clinical management of patients with IAIs worldwide building evidence-based clinical pathways for the most common IAIs. An extensive non-systematic review was conducted using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases, limited to the English language. The resulting information was shared by an international task force from 46 countries with different clinical backgrounds. The aim of the document is to promote global standards of care in IAIs providing guidance to clinicians by describing reasonable approaches to the management of IAIs.

Keywords: Intra-abdominal infections; Peritonitis; Sepsis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

**Fig. 1**
Principles of management of IAIs

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections

Affiliations

WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

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MeSH terms

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LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources