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. 2021 Sep 18;19(9):524.
doi: 10.3390/md19090524.

Extraction Procedure, Characteristics, and Feasibility of Caulerpa microphysa (Chlorophyta) Polysaccharide Extract as a Cosmetic Ingredient

Meng-Chou Lee  1   2   3 , Han-Yang Yeh  1 , Wen-Ling Shih  4
Affiliations

Extraction Procedure, Characteristics, and Feasibility of Caulerpa microphysa (Chlorophyta) Polysaccharide Extract as a Cosmetic Ingredient

Meng-Chou Lee et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

The green alga Caulerpa microphysa, which is native to Taiwan, has a relatively high economic value and a well-developed culture technique, and is used mainly as a foodstuff. Its extract has been shown to exhibit antitumor properties, but the polysaccharide content of the extract and its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and moisture-absorption and -retention capacity remain unknown. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the polysaccharides in C. microphysa extract (CME) for use in cosmetics. The overall polysaccharide yield from the CME was 73.93% w/w, with four molecular weight fractions. The polysaccharides comprised 59.36 mol% mannose, 27.16 mol% glucose, and 13.48 mol% galactose. In addition, the CME exhibited strong antiallergic, wound-healing, transdermal-delivery, and moisture-absorption and -retention effects. In conclusion, the results suggested that CME potentially has anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects and a good moisture capacity, which can be used in cosmetic applications.

Keywords: Caulerpa; anti-inflammation; moisture capacity; polysaccharides; wound healing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of different pretreatments (none, milling, oven-drying, and both milling and oven-drying) and extraction procedures (autoclave and microwave–ultrasound) on the polysaccharide yield of water-based extraction of Caulerpa microphysa. Bars indicate SD, n = 3 (One-Way ANOVA and Scheffe’s a posteriori test).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of different freeze-drying covers (aluminum foil and parafilm) on the polysaccharide and polyphenol yield and the substrate pH. Bars indicate SD, n = 3, * indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to control (Student’s t-test).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Molecular-weight distribution of (A) molecular-weight markers and (B) Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME). Elution profile of standard pullulans showed A1–A5 are the curves for molecular-weight markers with weights of 100, 50, 20, 10, 5 kDa, respectively, and A6 indicates the curve for a glucose marker with a weight of 180 Da. B1–B4 are the four spectra obtained for CME using gel filtration chromatography with a Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution HiPrep 16/60 column as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.6 mL min−1 using a degas pump.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The HPLC-UV spectra of (A) Galactose naphthimidazole (Gal-NAIM) derivative, (B) Glucose naphthimidzaole (Glc-NAIM) derivative, (C) Mannose naphthimidazole (Man-NAIM) derivative, and (D) Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME) obtained by gel filtration chromatography with a Biosil ODS-W 250 × 4.6 mm 5 μ (C18) column as an eluent at a flow rate of 0.4–1 mL min−1 using a gradient pump (Chromaster 5160, HITACHI, Tokyo, Japan).
Figure 5
Figure 5
1H NMR spectra of (A) Galactose naphthimidazole (Gal-NAIM) derivative, (B) Glucose naphthimidzaole (Glc-NAIM) derivative, (C) Mannose naphthimidazole (Man-NAIM) derivative, and (D) Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Antiallergic activity of Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME) in RBL-2H3 cells. Bars indicate SD, n = 3 * indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the medium control (Student’s t-test). CICA: Centella asiatica.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effects of Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME) on wound healing. (A) Microscope imaging to evaluate wound healing using confluent 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Representative images showing the initial scratch (wound) at t = 0 (a), 8 h after CME treatment (d–f) and CICA treatment (g–i) with indicated concentration. Cell migration into the wound area was observed. A single representative area is shown 8 h after various treatments. 10 ng/mL TGF-β was used as the positive control. (B) The wound-healing percentage 8 h post-treatment is shown on the y axis, normalized against the initial time (0 h), for each treatment condition. Bars indicate SD, n = 3, * indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the medium control (Student’s t-test). CICA: Centella asiatica.
Figure 8
Figure 8
(A) Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME) enhanced hydroxyproline production in a dose-dependent manner. Bars indicate SD, n = 3 (Student’s t-test), * indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the medium control. 10 mg mL−1 TGF-β was included as the positive control and for comparison. (B) Cumulative amount of CME that permeated through the Strat-M membrane over time.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Moisture retention of Caulerpa microphysa polysaccharide-rich extract (CME) samples at 35 °C and 75% relative humidity. Bars indicate SD, n = 3 (One-Way ANOVA and Scheffe’s a posteriori test).
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