Therapeutic Targeting of Acute Myeloid Leukemia by Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin

Abstract

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex hematological malignancy characterized by genetic and clinical heterogeneity and high mortality. Despite the recent introduction of novel pharmaceutical agents in hemato-oncology, few advancements have been made in AML for decades. In the last years, the therapeutic options have rapidly changed, with the approval of innovative compounds that provide new opportunities, together with new challenges for clinicians: among them, on 1 September, 2017 the Food and Drug Administration granted approval for Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO) in combination with daunorubicin and cytarabine for the treatment of adult patients affected by newly diagnosed CD33⁺ AML. Benefits of GO-based regimens were also reported in the pre- and post-transplantation settings. Moreover, several biomarkers of GO response have been suggested, including expression of CD33 and multidrug resistance genes, cytogenetic and molecular profiles, minimal residual disease and stemness signatures. Among them, elevated CD33 expression on blast cells and non-adverse cytogenetic or molecular risk represent largely validated predictors of good response.

Keywords: CD33; acute myeloid leukemia; biomarkers; gemtuzumab ozogamicin.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of action of GO.

Figure 2

Biomarkers predictive of GO response in AML.

Figure 3

Targeted agents that are under clinical or preclinical investigation in combination with GO.