Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Aug 26;11(9):1547.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11091547.

Comparison of Longitudinal Changes in Refractive Error of Hyperopic Children with or without Refractive Accommodative Esotropia

Ji Eun Song  1 , Hyo Ji Han  1 , Chul Young Choi  1 , Ramin Khoramnia  2 , Hae Ran Chang  1 , So Young Han  1
Affiliations

Comparison of Longitudinal Changes in Refractive Error of Hyperopic Children with or without Refractive Accommodative Esotropia

Ji Eun Song et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

We investigated longitudinal changes in the spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) in hyperopic children with or without refractive accommodative esotropia (AccET). A total of 456 patients met the inclusion criteria: 190 (41.7%) in the hyperopic control group and 266 (58.3%) in the AccET group. All patients received at least 3 years of follow-up after spectacle prescription. Subgroups were divided according to age when spectacles were prescribed, presence of amblyopia, or initial SE. Longitudinal changes in SE in children with hyperopia showed a gradual decrease, although SE of younger children with AccET increased over the first 4 years and then decreased thereafter. SE in eye with higher SE was tended to decrease significantly in patient with Acc ET than hyperopic control group (group × time p = 0.015). Amblyopic eyes showed a greater decreased in SE compared with non-amblyopic eyes, but it was not statistically significant (p = 0.07). SE was significantly decreased in children with more hyperopia (≥ 3 D) compared with children with less hyperopia (<3 D) (p = 0.008). Emmetropization of hyperopia was faster in hyperopic patients without AccET and could be affected by the age of the initial spectacles prescription, initial amount of SE, or presence of amblyopia.

Keywords: hyperopia; refractive accommodative esotropia; refractive error.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The longitudinal changes of mean spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) of eyes with higher SE values (a) and lower SE values (b) at initial spectacle prescription in total hyperopic children. The group × time interaction effect was analyzed by linear mixed model analysis. Group 1 = patients with hyperopia without refractive accommodative esotropia. Group 2 = patients with refractive accommodative esotropia.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The longitudinal changes of mean spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) with higher SE eyes after spectacle prescription for children in the hyperopic control group (group 1) (a), refractive accommodative esotropia group (group 2) (b), and total hyperopic children (c). The subgroup was divided according to the age of first prescribed spectacles (<5 years old versus ≥5 years old). The group × time interaction effect was analyzed by linear mixed model analysis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The longitudinal changes of mean spherical equivalent refractive error with higher spherical equivalent eyes after spectacle prescription for children according to the presence of amblyopia in the hyperopic control group (group 1) (a), refractive accommodative esotropia group (group 2) (b), and total hyperopic children (c). The group × time interaction effect was analyzed by linear mixed model analysis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The longitudinal changes of mean spherical equivalent refractive error (SE) with higher SE eyes after spectacle prescription for children in hyperopic control group (group 1) (a), refractive accommodative esotropia group (group 2) (b), and total hyperopic children (c). Subgroups were divided by initial SE of <3.0 D and ≥3.0 D. The group × time interaction effect was analyzed by linear mixed model analysis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Mohney B.G. Common forms of childhood esotropia. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:805–809. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(00)00639-4. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Graham P.A. Epidemiology of strabismus. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 1974;58:224–231. doi: 10.1136/bjo.58.3.224. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Matsuo T., Matsuo C. The prevalence of strabismus and amblyopia in Japanese elementary school children. Ophthalmic. Epidemiol. 2005;12:31–36. doi: 10.1080/09286580490907805. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Raab E.L. Etiologic factors in accommodative esodeviation. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 1982;80:657–694. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Burton T.C. The influence of refractive error and lattice degeneration on the incidence of retinal detachment. Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 1989;87:143–155; discussion 147–155. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources