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Review
. 2021 Aug 25;13(9):1332.
doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091332.

Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions

José H Correia  1   2 , José A Rodrigues  2 , Sara Pimenta  2 , Tao Dong  1   3 , Zhaochu Yang  1
Affiliations
Review

Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions

José H Correia et al. Pharmaceutics. .

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive therapeutic modality that has gained great attention in the past years as a new therapy for cancer treatment. PDT uses photosensitizers that, after being excited by light at a specific wavelength, react with the molecular oxygen to create reactive oxygen species in the target tissue, resulting in cell death. Compared to conventional therapeutic modalities, PDT presents greater selectivity against tumor cells, due to the use of photosensitizers that are preferably localized in tumor lesions, and the precise light irradiation of these lesions. This paper presents a review of the principles, mechanisms, photosensitizers, and current applications of PDT. Moreover, the future path on the research of new photosensitizers with enhanced tumor selectivity, featuring the improvement of PDT effectiveness, has also been addressed. Finally, new applications of PDT have been covered.

Keywords: PDT in medical devices; PDT mechanisms; PDT tumor treatment; antimicrobial PDT; new photosensitizers; non-oncologic applications of PDT.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Representation of the clinical application of PDT protocol for the treatment of a solid and localized tumor (based on [12]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Modified Jablonski diagram of the PDT action mechanism (based on [13]).
Figure 3
Figure 3
PDT mechanisms for tumor destruction (based on [12]).
Figure 4
Figure 4
PDT with electroporation (based on [20]).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Illustration of PDT integrated in the endoscopic capsule (Adapted with permission from [83], IEEE, 2019).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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