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. 2021 Sep 11;14(18):5228.
doi: 10.3390/ma14185228.

Friction Behavior of a Textured Surface against Several Materials under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

Linqing Bai  1 , Jianxin Sun  1 , Pengcheng Zhang  1 , Zulfiqar Ahmad Khan  2
Affiliations

Friction Behavior of a Textured Surface against Several Materials under Dry and Lubricated Conditions

Linqing Bai et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

This paper reports research on the frictional behavior of a textured surface against several materials under dry and lubricated conditions, and this is aimed to provide design guidelines on the surface texturing for wide-ranging industrial applications. Experiments were performed on a tribo-tester with the facility of simulating A ball-on-plate model in reciprocating motion under dry, oil-lubricated, and water-lubricated conditions. To study the frictional behavior of textured SiC against various materials, three types of ball-bearing -elements, 52100 steel, silicon nitride (Si3N4), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), were used. Friction and wear performance of an un-textured surface and two types of widely used micro-scale texture surfaces, grooves and circular dimples, were examined and compared. The results demonstrated that the effect of surface textures on friction and wear performance is influenced by texture parameters and the materials of friction pairs. The circular-dimple texture and the groove texture, with certain texture parameters, played a positive role in improving friction and wear performance under specific operating conditions used in this research for SiC-steel and SiC-Si3N4 friction pairs; however, there was no friction and wear improvement for the textured SiC-PTFE friction pair. The results of this study offer an understanding and a knowledge base to enhance the performance of bearing elements in complex interacting systems.

Keywords: dry friction; friction behavior; lubricated condition; surface texture; wear.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic of the test rig.
Figure 2
Figure 2
3-D and 2-D profiles of the textured SiC plate surface: (a) 3-D profile of the circular-dimple-textured surface with a depth of 5 μm, (b) 3-D profile of the groove-textured surface with a depth of 5 μm, (c) 2-D profile of (a), (d) 2-D profile of (b), (e) distribution diagram of circular dimples, and (f) distribution diagram of grooves.
Figure 2
Figure 2
3-D and 2-D profiles of the textured SiC plate surface: (a) 3-D profile of the circular-dimple-textured surface with a depth of 5 μm, (b) 3-D profile of the groove-textured surface with a depth of 5 μm, (c) 2-D profile of (a), (d) 2-D profile of (b), (e) distribution diagram of circular dimples, and (f) distribution diagram of grooves.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic diagram of lubrication conditions.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Friction performance of textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) circular-dimple-textured SiC–PTFE ball, and (f) groove-textured SiC–PTFE ball.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Friction performance of textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) circular-dimple-textured SiC–PTFE ball, and (f) groove-textured SiC–PTFE ball.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Friction performance of textured SiC under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball; (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball; (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball; (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball; (e) circular-dimple-textured SiC–PTFE ball; (f) groove-textured SiC–PTFE ball.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Friction performance of textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with load of 75 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) circular-dimple-textured SiC–PTFE ball, and (f) groove-textured SiC–PTFE ball.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Friction performance of textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with load of 75 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) circular-dimple-textured SiC–PTFE ball, and (f) groove-textured SiC–PTFE ball.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Wear performance of un-textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N (×10): (a) un-textured SiC–steel ball and (b) un-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Wear performance of groove-textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N (×10): (a) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Wear performance of groove-textured SiC under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N (×10): (a) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Cross section of wear scars under dry-friction conditions with a load of 30 N: (a) circular-dimple-texture SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, and (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Wear performance of un-textured SiC under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) untextured SiC–steel ball and (b) un-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Wear performance of groove-textured SiC under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Cross section of wear scars under oil-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, and (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Wear performance of un-textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) un-textured SiC–steel ball and (b) un-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Wear performance of circular-dimple-textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) 3 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Wear performance of groove-textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm groove-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Wear performance of groove-textured SiC under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N (×10): (a) 3 μm groove-textured SiC-steel ball, (b) 3 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (c) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (d) 5 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, (e) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–steel ball, and (f) 10 μm groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Cross section of wear scars under water-lubricated conditions with a load of 75 N: (a) circular-dimple-textured SiC–steel ball, (b) groove-textured SiC–steel ball, (c) circular-dimple-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball, and (d) groove-textured SiC–Si3N4 ball.
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