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Review
. 2021 Sep 21:16:6477-6496.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S298936. eCollection 2021.

Nanomaterials-Upconverted Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering and a Platform for Drug Delivery

Nur Akma Abdul Halim  1 , Mohd Zobir Hussein  1 , Mohd Khairuddin Kandar  2
Affiliations
Review

Nanomaterials-Upconverted Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Engineering and a Platform for Drug Delivery

Nur Akma Abdul Halim et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite is a basic mineral that is very important to the human body framework. Recently, synthetic hydroxyapatite (SHA) and its nanocomposites (HANs) are the subject of intense research for bone tissue engineering and drug loading system applications, due to their unique, tailor-made characteristics, as well as their similarities with the bone mineral component in the human body. Although hydroxyapatite has good biocompatibility and osteoconductive characteristics, the poor mechanical strength restricts its use in non-load-bearing applications. Consequently, a rapid increase in reinforcing of other nanomaterials into hydroxyapatite for the formation of HANs could improve the mechanical properties. Most of the research reported on the success of other nanomaterials such as metals, ceramics and natural/synthetic polymers as additions into hydroxyapatite is reviewed. In addition, this review also focuses on the addition of various substances into hydroxyapatite for the formation of various HANs and at the same time to try to minimize the limitations so that various bone tissue engineering and drug loading system applications can be exploited.

Keywords: bone tissue engineering and drug carrier; hydroxyapatite; nanocomposites; physicochemical enhancement.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Some important properties of a bone scaffold.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Methods to synthesize the synthetic HA.
Figure 3
Figure 3
HA reinforced with other materials to form bone scaffold.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structure of (A) Gram-positive and (B) Gram-negative bacteria.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structure of chitosan.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Formation of calcium alginate.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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