Pearl Millet: A Climate-Resilient Nutricereal for Mitigating Hidden Hunger and Provide Nutritional Security

Abstract

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is the sixth most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, barley and sorghum. It is widely grown on 30 million ha in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions of Asia and Africa, accounting for almost half of the global millet production. Climate change affects crop production by directly influencing biophysical factors such as plant and animal growth along with the various areas associated with food processing and distribution. Assessment of the effects of global climate changes on agriculture can be helpful to anticipate and adapt farming to maximize the agricultural production more effectively. Pearl millet being a climate-resilient crop is important to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and has the potential to increase income and food security of farming communities in arid regions. Pearl millet has a deep root system and can survive in a wide range of ecological conditions under water scarcity. It has high photosynthetic efficiency with an excellent productivity and growth in low nutrient soil conditions and is less reliant on chemical fertilizers. These attributes have made it a crop of choice for cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions of the world; however, fewer efforts have been made to study the climate-resilient features of pearl millet in comparison to the other major cereals. Several hybrids and varieties of pearl millet were developed during the past 50 years in India by both the public and private sectors. Pearl millet is also nutritionally superior and rich in micronutrients such as iron and zinc and can mitigate malnutrition and hidden hunger. Inclusion of minimum standards for micronutrients-grain iron and zinc content in the cultivar release policy-is the first of its kind step taken in pearl millet anywhere in the world, which can lead toward enhanced food and nutritional security. The availability of high-quality whole-genome sequencing and re-sequencing information of several lines may aid genomic dissection of stress tolerance and provide a good opportunity to further exploit the nutritional and climate-resilient attributes of pearl millet. Hence, more efforts should be put into its genetic enhancement and improvement in inheritance to exploit it in a better way. Thus, pearl millet is the next-generation crop holding the potential of nutritional richness and the climate resilience and efforts must be targeted to develop nutritionally dense hybrids/varieties tolerant to drought using different omics approaches.

Keywords: abiotic stress; climate-resilience; drought tolerance; nutritional security; pearl millet.

Figure 1

Area, production and productivity of Pearl millet in India since 2000.

Figure 2

Trends in pearl millet productivity over years (based on 5-year average).

Figure 3

Trends in food grain production and per capita availability in India. Adapted from: Agriculture Statistic, Ministry of Agriculture and Family Welfare.

Figure 4

Mechanism of action and role of lipase activity for shelf life in pearl millet flour (Adapted from: Goswami et al., 2020). (A) Correlation between lipase activity and comprehensive acid value (CAV). (B) Correlating the lipase activity and CAV of pearl millet genotypes in group I (freshly milled flour). (C) Correlating the lipase activity and CAV of pearl millet genotypes in group II (10-day stored flour).

Figure 5

Rancidity matrix to measure rancidity in the pearl millet flour (Adapted from: Goswami et al., 2020).

Figure 6

Delicious and value-added food products from pearl millet.

Figure 7

Current breeding approaches followed for developing biofortified cultivars in pearl millet (Adapted from: Govindaraj et al., 2019).