Classification of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 inhibitors by using machine learning methods

Abstract

The beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a transmembrane aspartyl-protease, that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) at the β-site. The sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP, first by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase complex, leads to the production and release of amyloid-β peptide, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 inhibitors are reported to possess considerable potential in decreasing the level of amyloid-β in brain and preventing the progression of AD. A classification study has been conducted on 3536 diverse BACE1 inhibitors, obtained from Binding DB database, by extracting two types of descriptors, that is molecular property (Mordred) and fingerprints (Pubchem, MACCS and KRFP). Furthermore, based on the descriptors, various machine learning algorithms such as Naïve Bayesian (NB), nearest known neighbours (kNN), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and gradient-boosted algorithms (XGB) were applied to develop classification models. The performance of models was evaluated by using accuracy, precision, recall and F1 score of test set. The best NB, kNN, SVM, RF and XGB classifiers had F1 score of 0.74, 0.85, 0.86, 0.87 and 0.87, respectively. The diverse 3536 BACE1 inhibitors were clustered into 11 subsets, and the structural features of each subset were evaluated. The important fragments present in active and inactive compounds were also identified. The model developed in the study would serve as a valuable tool for the designing of BACE1 inhibitors, and also in virtual screening of molecules to identify these.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; artificial intelligence; drug discovery; machine learning; β-secretase.