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. 2022 Mar 2;7(2):444-455.
doi: 10.1093/jalm/jfab094.

Performance of C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, TAT Complex, and Factor VIII in Addition to D-Dimer in the Exclusion of Venous Thromboembolism in Primary Care Patients

Jorn S Heerink  1   2 , Eugenie Gemen  1 , Ruud Oudega  1   3 , Geert-Jan Geersing  3 , Rogier Hopstaken  4 , Ron Kusters  1   2
Affiliations

Performance of C-Reactive Protein, Procalcitonin, TAT Complex, and Factor VIII in Addition to D-Dimer in the Exclusion of Venous Thromboembolism in Primary Care Patients

Jorn S Heerink et al. J Appl Lab Med. .

Abstract

Background: In primary care, D-dimer-combined with a clinical assessment-is recommended for ruling-out venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, D-dimer testing frequently yields false-positive results, notably in the elderly, and the search for novel biomarkers thus continues. We assessed the added diagnostic value of 4 promising laboratory tests.

Methods: Plasma samples from 256 primary care patients suspected of VTE were collected. We explored added value (beyond D-dimer) of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT-c), and factor VIII (FVIII). Diagnostic performance of these biomarkers was assessed univariably and by estimating their area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). Added diagnostic potential beyond D-dimer testing was assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results: Plasma samples of 237 VTE-suspected patients were available for analysis-36 patients (25%) confirmed deep vein thrombosis, 11 patients (12%) pulmonary embolism. Apart from D-dimer, only CRP, and FVIII levels appeared to be higher in patients with VTE compared to patients without VTE. The AUCs for these 3 markers were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69-0.84) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68-0.83), respectively, whereas the AUC for D-dimer was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.94). Combining these biomarkers in a multivariable logistic model with D-dimer did not improve these AUCs meaningfully.

Conclusions: In our dataset, we were unable to demonstrate any added diagnostic performance beyond D-dimer testing of novel biomarkers in patients suspected of VTE in primary care. As such, D-dimer testing appears to remain the best choice in the exclusion of clinically suspected VTE in this setting.

Trial registration: Netherlands Trial Register NL5974. (METC protocol number: 16-356/M; NL56475.041.16.).

Keywords: C-reactive protein; D-dimer; TAT complex; factor VIII; procalcitonin; venous thromboembolism.

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