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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Mar;48(3):492-499.
doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2021.09.012. Epub 2021 Sep 21.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of validated prognostic models for resected hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Berend R Beumer  1 , Stefan Buettner  1 , Boris Galjart  1 , Jeroen L A van Vugt  1 , Robert A de Man  2 , Jan N M IJzermans  1 , Bas Groot Koerkamp  3
Affiliations
Free article
Meta-Analysis

Systematic review and meta-analysis of validated prognostic models for resected hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Berend R Beumer et al. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2022 Mar.
Free article

Abstract

Background: Many prognostic models for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) have been developed to inform patients and doctors about individual prognosis. Previous reviews of these models were qualitative and did not assess performance at external validation. We assessed the performance of prognostic models for HCC and set a benchmark for biomarker studies.

Methods: All externally validated models predicting survival for patients with resected HCC were systematically reviewed. After selection, we extracted descriptive statistics and aggregated c-indices using meta-analysis.

Results: Thirty-eight validated prognostic models were included. Models used on average 7 (IQR:4-9) prognostic factors. Tumor size, tumor number, and vascular invasion were almost always included. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was commonly incorporated since 2007. Recently, the more subjective items ascites and encephalopathy have been dropped. Eight established models performed poor to moderate at external validation, with a pooled C-index below 0.7; including the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) system, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7th edition, the Cancer of the Liver Italian (CLIP) Program, and the Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) score. Out of 24 prognostic models predicting OS, only 6 (25%) had good performance at external validation with pooled C-indices above 0.7; the Li-post (0.77), Li-OS (0.74), Yang-pre (0.74), Yang-post (0.76), Shanghai-score (0.70), and Wang-nomogram (0.71). Models improved over time, but overall performance and study quality remained low.

Conclusions: Six validated prognostic models demonstrated good performance for predicting survival after resection of HCC. These models can guide patients and doctors and are a benchmark for future models incorporating novel biomarkers.

Keywords: C-index; External validation; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver resection; Prognostic model; Recurrence; Survival.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest None.

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