A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

doi:10.2196/30979

. 2021 Sep 15;1(1):e30979.

doi: 10.2196/30979. eCollection 2021 Jan-Dec.

A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

Neville Calleja^#¹, AbdelHalim AbdAllah^#², Neetu Abad^#³, Naglaa Ahmed^#⁴, Dolores Albarracin^#⁵, Elena Altieri^#⁶, Julienne N Anoko^#⁷, Ruben Arcos^#⁸, Arina Anis Azlan^#⁹, Judit Bayer^#^{10

11}, Anja Bechmann^#¹², Supriya Bezbaruah^#¹³, Sylvie C Briand^#¹⁴, Ian Brooks^#¹⁵, Lucie M Bucci^#¹⁶, Stefano Burzo^#¹⁷, Christine Czerniak^#¹⁴, Manlio De Domenico^#¹⁸, Adam G Dunn^#¹⁹, Ullrich K H Ecker^#²⁰, Laura Espinosa^#²¹, Camille Francois^#²², Kacper Gradon^#²³, Anatoliy Gruzd^#²⁴, Beste Sultan Gülgün^#²⁵, Rustam Haydarov^#²⁶, Cherstyn Hurley^#²⁷, Santi Indra Astuti^#²⁸, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi^#^{3

29}, Neil Johnson^#³⁰, Dylan Johnson Restrepo^#³⁰, Masato Kajimoto^#³¹, Aybüke Koyuncu^#³, Shibani Kulkarni^#^{3

29}, Jaya Lamichhane^#¹⁴, Rosamund Lewis^#³², Avichal Mahajan^#¹⁴, Ahmed Mandil^#⁴, Erin McAweeney^#²², Melanie Messer^#³³, Wesley Moy^#³⁴, Patricia Ndumbi Ngamala^#³⁵, Tim Nguyen^#¹⁴, Mark Nunn^#^{1

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58}, Saad B Omer^#³⁶, Claudia Pagliari^#³⁷, Palak Patel^#^{3

29}, Lynette Phuong^#¹⁴, Dimitri Prybylski^#³, Arash Rashidian^#⁴, Emily Rempel^#³⁸, Sara Rubinelli^#^{39

40}, PierLuigi Sacco^#^{41

42}, Anton Schneider^#⁴³, Kai Shu^#⁴⁴, Melanie Smith^#²², Harry Sufehmi^#⁴⁵, Viroj Tangcharoensathien^#⁴⁶, Robert Terry^#⁴⁷, Naveen Thacker^#⁴⁸, Tom Trewinnard^#⁴⁹, Shannon Turner^#^{50

51}, Heidi Tworek^#⁵², Saad Uakkas^#⁵³, Emily Vraga^#⁵⁴, Claire Wardle^#⁵⁵, Herman Wasserman^#⁵⁶, Elisabeth Wilhelm^#³, Andrea Würz^#²¹, Brian Yau^#⁵⁷, Lei Zhou^#⁵⁸, Tina D Purnat^#³⁵

Affiliations

¹ Directorate for Health Information & Research Ministry for Health Valetta Malta.
² WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo.
³ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA United States.
⁴ WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Cairo Egypt.
⁵ Department of Psychology College of Liberal Arts & Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL United States.
⁶ Department of Communications World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁷ WHO Regional Office for Africa Dakar Senegal.
⁸ Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology Communication Sciences Faculty University Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain.
⁹ Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia.
¹⁰ Department of Communication Budapest Economics University (BGE) Budapest Hungary.
¹¹ Institute for Information, Telecommunications and Media Law University of Münster (WWU) Münster Germany.
¹² DATALAB - Center for Digital Social Research School of Communication and Culture Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.
¹³ WHO Regional Office for South East Asia New Delhi India.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Hazards Management Emergency Preparedness Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
¹⁵ Center for Health Informatics School of Information Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL United States.
¹⁶ Immunize Canada Canadian Public Health Association Ottawa, ON Canada.
¹⁷ Department of Political Science University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada.
¹⁸ CoMuNe Lab Fondazione Bruno Kessler Povo Italy.
¹⁹ Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney Australia.
²⁰ School of Psychological Science The University of Western Australia Perth Australia.
²¹ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Stockholm Sweden.
²² Graphika New York, NY United States.
²³ Department of Security and Crime Science University College London London United Kingdom.
²⁴ Ted Rogers School of Management Ryerson University Toronto, ON Canada.
²⁵ Ministry of Health Ankara Turkey.
²⁶ UNICEF Headquarters New York, NY United States.
²⁷ Immunisation and Countermeasures Department Public Health England London United Kingdom.
²⁸ The Faculty of Communication Science Bandung Islamic University (UNISBA) Bandung Indonesia.
²⁹ Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Oak Ridge, TN United States.
³⁰ Department of Physics George Washington University Washington, DC United States.
³¹ Journalism and Media Studies Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China.
³² Emergency Preaparedness Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
³³ Faculty I Department of Nursing Science II Trier University Trier Germany.
³⁴ Advanced Academic Programs Johns Hopkins University Washington, DC United States.
³⁵ Department of Digital Health and Innovation Science Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
³⁶ Yale Institute for Global Health Yale University New Haven, CT United States.
³⁷ Usher Institute Edinburgh Medical School University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom.
³⁸ British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver, BC Canada.
³⁹ Department of Health Sciences and Medicine University of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Swiss Paraplegic Research Lucerne Switzerland.
⁴¹ Department of Humanities Studies Free University of Languages and Communication IULM Milan Italy.
⁴² metaLAB (at) Harvard Harvard University Cambridge, MA United States.
⁴³ Office of Infectious Disease Global Health Bureau United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Washington, DC United States.
⁴⁴ Computer Science Department Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL United States.
⁴⁵ Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia (MAFINDO) Jakarta Indonesia.
⁴⁶ International Health Policy Programme Ministry of Public Health Bangkok Thailand.
⁴⁷ Science Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁴⁸ Deep Children Hospital and Research Centre Gandhidham India.
⁴⁹ Fathm London United Kingdom.
⁵⁰ Public Health Association of British Columbia Victoria, BC Canada.
⁵¹ Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) Geneva Switzerland.
⁵² Department of History University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada.
⁵³ Faculty of Medicine Mohamed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco.
⁵⁴ Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN United States.
⁵⁵ First Draft News New York, NY United States.
⁵⁶ Centre for Film and Media Studies University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa.
⁵⁷ Department of Regulation and Prequalification Access to Medicines and Health Products Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Public Health Emergency Center Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 34604708
PMCID: PMC8448461
DOI: 10.2196/30979

A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

Neville Calleja et al. JMIR Infodemiology. 2021.

. 2021 Sep 15;1(1):e30979.

doi: 10.2196/30979. eCollection 2021 Jan-Dec.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Directorate for Health Information & Research Ministry for Health Valetta Malta.
² WHO Regional Office for Africa Brazzaville Congo.
³ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, GA United States.
⁴ WHO Regional Office for Eastern Mediterranean Cairo Egypt.
⁵ Department of Psychology College of Liberal Arts & Sciences University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL United States.
⁶ Department of Communications World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁷ WHO Regional Office for Africa Dakar Senegal.
⁸ Department of Communication Sciences and Sociology Communication Sciences Faculty University Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain.
⁹ Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi Malaysia.
¹⁰ Department of Communication Budapest Economics University (BGE) Budapest Hungary.
¹¹ Institute for Information, Telecommunications and Media Law University of Münster (WWU) Münster Germany.
¹² DATALAB - Center for Digital Social Research School of Communication and Culture Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.
¹³ WHO Regional Office for South East Asia New Delhi India.
¹⁴ Department of Infectious Hazards Management Emergency Preparedness Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
¹⁵ Center for Health Informatics School of Information Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL United States.
¹⁶ Immunize Canada Canadian Public Health Association Ottawa, ON Canada.
¹⁷ Department of Political Science University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada.
¹⁸ CoMuNe Lab Fondazione Bruno Kessler Povo Italy.
¹⁹ Biomedical Informatics and Digital Health School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney Sydney Australia.
²⁰ School of Psychological Science The University of Western Australia Perth Australia.
²¹ European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Stockholm Sweden.
²² Graphika New York, NY United States.
²³ Department of Security and Crime Science University College London London United Kingdom.
²⁴ Ted Rogers School of Management Ryerson University Toronto, ON Canada.
²⁵ Ministry of Health Ankara Turkey.
²⁶ UNICEF Headquarters New York, NY United States.
²⁷ Immunisation and Countermeasures Department Public Health England London United Kingdom.
²⁸ The Faculty of Communication Science Bandung Islamic University (UNISBA) Bandung Indonesia.
²⁹ Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Oak Ridge, TN United States.
³⁰ Department of Physics George Washington University Washington, DC United States.
³¹ Journalism and Media Studies Centre The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China.
³² Emergency Preaparedness Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
³³ Faculty I Department of Nursing Science II Trier University Trier Germany.
³⁴ Advanced Academic Programs Johns Hopkins University Washington, DC United States.
³⁵ Department of Digital Health and Innovation Science Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
³⁶ Yale Institute for Global Health Yale University New Haven, CT United States.
³⁷ Usher Institute Edinburgh Medical School University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom.
³⁸ British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Vancouver, BC Canada.
³⁹ Department of Health Sciences and Medicine University of Lucerne Lucerne Switzerland.
⁴⁰ Swiss Paraplegic Research Lucerne Switzerland.
⁴¹ Department of Humanities Studies Free University of Languages and Communication IULM Milan Italy.
⁴² metaLAB (at) Harvard Harvard University Cambridge, MA United States.
⁴³ Office of Infectious Disease Global Health Bureau United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Washington, DC United States.
⁴⁴ Computer Science Department Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL United States.
⁴⁵ Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia (MAFINDO) Jakarta Indonesia.
⁴⁶ International Health Policy Programme Ministry of Public Health Bangkok Thailand.
⁴⁷ Science Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁴⁸ Deep Children Hospital and Research Centre Gandhidham India.
⁴⁹ Fathm London United Kingdom.
⁵⁰ Public Health Association of British Columbia Victoria, BC Canada.
⁵¹ Vaccine Safety Net (VSN) Geneva Switzerland.
⁵² Department of History University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC Canada.
⁵³ Faculty of Medicine Mohamed V University in Rabat Rabat Morocco.
⁵⁴ Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication University of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN United States.
⁵⁵ First Draft News New York, NY United States.
⁵⁶ Centre for Film and Media Studies University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa.
⁵⁷ Department of Regulation and Prequalification Access to Medicines and Health Products Division World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland.
⁵⁸ Public Health Emergency Center Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 34604708
PMCID: PMC8448461
DOI: 10.2196/30979

Abstract

Background: An infodemic is an overflow of information of varying quality that surges across digital and physical environments during an acute public health event. It leads to confusion, risk-taking, and behaviors that can harm health and lead to erosion of trust in health authorities and public health responses. Owing to the global scale and high stakes of the health emergency, responding to the infodemic related to the pandemic is particularly urgent. Building on diverse research disciplines and expanding the discipline of infodemiology, more evidence-based interventions are needed to design infodemic management interventions and tools and implement them by health emergency responders.

Objective: The World Health Organization organized the first global infodemiology conference, entirely online, during June and July 2020, with a follow-up process from August to October 2020, to review current multidisciplinary evidence, interventions, and practices that can be applied to the COVID-19 infodemic response. This resulted in the creation of a public health research agenda for managing infodemics.

Methods: As part of the conference, a structured expert judgment synthesis method was used to formulate a public health research agenda. A total of 110 participants represented diverse scientific disciplines from over 35 countries and global public health implementing partners. The conference used a laddered discussion sprint methodology by rotating participant teams, and a managed follow-up process was used to assemble a research agenda based on the discussion and structured expert feedback. This resulted in a five-workstream frame of the research agenda for infodemic management and 166 suggested research questions. The participants then ranked the questions for feasibility and expected public health impact. The expert consensus was summarized in a public health research agenda that included a list of priority research questions.

Results: The public health research agenda for infodemic management has five workstreams: (1) measuring and continuously monitoring the impact of infodemics during health emergencies; (2) detecting signals and understanding the spread and risk of infodemics; (3) responding and deploying interventions that mitigate and protect against infodemics and their harmful effects; (4) evaluating infodemic interventions and strengthening the resilience of individuals and communities to infodemics; and (5) promoting the development, adaptation, and application of interventions and toolkits for infodemic management. Each workstream identifies research questions and highlights 49 high priority research questions.

Conclusions: Public health authorities need to develop, validate, implement, and adapt tools and interventions for managing infodemics in acute public health events in ways that are appropriate for their countries and contexts. Infodemiology provides a scientific foundation to make this possible. This research agenda proposes a structured framework for targeted investment for the scientific community, policy makers, implementing organizations, and other stakeholders to consider.

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; access to information; attitudes; beliefs; communications media; community resilience; disinformation; evidence synthesis; infodemic; infodemic management; infodemiology; information literacy; information-seeking behavior; internet; knowledge translation; message amplification; misinformation; research agenda; research policy; risk communication.

©Neville Calleja, AbdelHalim AbdAllah, Neetu Abad, Naglaa Ahmed, Dolores Albarracin, Elena Altieri, Julienne N Anoko, Ruben Arcos, Arina Anis Azlan, Judit Bayer, Anja Bechmann, Supriya Bezbaruah, Sylvie C Briand, Ian Brooks, Lucie M Bucci, Stefano Burzo, Christine Czerniak, Manlio De Domenico, Adam G Dunn, Ullrich K H Ecker, Laura Espinosa, Camille Francois, Kacper Gradon, Anatoliy Gruzd, Beste Sultan Gülgün, Rustam Haydarov, Cherstyn Hurley, Santi Indra Astuti, Atsuyoshi Ishizumi, Neil Johnson, Dylan Johnson Restrepo, Masato Kajimoto, Aybüke Koyuncu, Shibani Kulkarni, Jaya Lamichhane, Rosamund Lewis, Avichal Mahajan, Ahmed Mandil, Erin McAweeney, Melanie Messer, Wesley Moy, Patricia Ndumbi Ngamala, Tim Nguyen, Mark Nunn, Saad B Omer, Claudia Pagliari, Palak Patel, Lynette Phuong, Dimitri Prybylski, Arash Rashidian, Emily Rempel, Sara Rubinelli, PierLuigi Sacco, Anton Schneider, Kai Shu, Melanie Smith, Harry Sufehmi, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Robert Terry, Naveen Thacker, Tom Trewinnard, Shannon Turner, Heidi Tworek, Saad Uakkas, Emily Vraga, Claire Wardle, Herman Wasserman, Elisabeth Wilhelm, Andrea Würz, Brian Yau, Lei Zhou, Tina D Purnat. Originally published in JMIR Infodemiology (https://infodemiology.jmir.org), 15.09.2021.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: AA, EA, JNA, SB, SCB, CC, JL, RL, AM, PNN, TN, TDP, AR, and BY are staff of the World Health Organization; NA, AI, AK, SK, PP, DP, and EW are staff members of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; LE and AW are staff members of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. RH is staff of UNICEF. These authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this paper, and they do not represent the views of their organizations. BS participated in the conference while being staff of WHO. SB consults for WHO in data analysis for emergency preparedness and supported the work described in the paper during his consultancy contract. IB is Director of WHO Collaborating Center on information systems for health, which supports WHO with broader digital health analytics and policy analysis. The center has supported Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO with infodemic analytics during COVID-19. LMB works for Immunize Canada/Canadian Public Health Association, which has received educational grants/funding from Merck Canada, Pfizer Canada, Pfizer Global, Moderna Canada, Seqirus, Sanofi Canada, GSK Canada and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). These funds are not related to the paper. AB has received funding from Carlsberg Foundation for a research project about online hostility for which she is project co-primary investigator. This project is not related to the deliberation described in this publication.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Refinement of the research questions through the structured expert judgment process.

**Figure 2**
The frame of the research agenda mapped onto the phases of epidemic preparedness and response.

**Figure 3**
Ranking of the surveyed research questions across two indicators: public health impact and feasibility. Research questions that were within the cutoff limit of minimum 3.5 impact and less than 12 months feasibility are marked in yellow. Questions that were ranked outside the cutoff limits were reviewed and broken into additional smaller component questions that were of high value.

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[2] COVID-19 dashboard. World Health Organization. [2021-04-19]. https://covid19.who.int/

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[8] Kou Y, Gui X, Chen Y, Pine K. Conspiracy talk on social media: collective sensemaking during a public health crisis. Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact. 2017 Dec 06;1(CSCW):1–21. doi: 10.1145/3134696. - DOI

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[10] International Health Regulations (2005) Second Edition. World Health Organization. 2008. Jan 01, [2021-09-07]. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580410 .

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A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

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A Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics: Methods and Results of the First WHO Infodemiology Conference

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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