Management and outcome of extreme pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Abstract

Objectives: Classify post-adenotonsillectomy (AT) respiratory support, identify variables that predict these interventions, and evaluate outcomes in children with extreme obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods: Retrospective chart analysis was performed on patients found to have apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) > 100 events/h. Patients with chronic diseases other than obesity were excluded.

Results: Forty-one subjects were studied, average age of 11.4 ± 4.3 years, majority (73.1%) were Hispanic, with a mean total AHI (TAHI) of 128.1 ± 22.9/h. Twenty-eight (68.3%) patients underwent AT. Lower age (P < 0.001), lower BMI Z-score (P < 0.01), higher OAHI (P < 0.05) were associated with having surgery. Eleven out of 28 (39.3%) surgical patients required respiratory support (oxygen or positive airway pressure) postoperatively. Longer % total sleep time S_pO₂ <90% during PSG (P < 0.05) and lower S_pO₂ nadir (P < 0.05) were associated with requiring airway support. No patients experienced mortality, reintubation, or hospital readmission following AT, with majority (71.4%) discharged 1 day post-operatively. Eleven (57.9%) of the 19 patients who had a postoperative PSG had residual OSA, defined as AHI >5 events/h, but there was a significant improvement in TAHI (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: Our findings confirm the need for postoperative observation in a controlled setting for patients with extreme OSA undergoing AT. Although at higher risk of needing respiratory support, those patients undergoing AT for extreme OSA did not require re-intubation post-operatively or suffer serious harm. Barring contraindications to AT, surgery may still be a first-line therapy for some children with extreme OSA.

Keywords: Adenotonsillectomy; Adherence; Obesity; Obstructive sleep apnea; Residual OSA.