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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Oct 6;10(10):CD006219.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006219.pub4.

Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation

Jamie Hartmann-Boyce  1 , Annika Theodoulou  1 , Amanda Farley  2 , Peter Hajek  3 , Deborah Lycett  4 , Laura L Jones  2 , Laura Kudlek  1 , Laura Heath  1 , Anisa Hajizadeh  1 , Marika Schenkels  5 , Paul Aveyard  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation

Jamie Hartmann-Boyce et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Most people who stop smoking gain weight. This can discourage some people from making a quit attempt and risks offsetting some, but not all, of the health advantages of quitting. Interventions to prevent weight gain could improve health outcomes, but there is a concern that they may undermine quitting.

Objectives: To systematically review the effects of: (1) interventions targeting post-cessation weight gain on weight change and smoking cessation (referred to as 'Part 1') and (2) interventions designed to aid smoking cessation that plausibly affect post-cessation weight gain (referred to as 'Part 2').

Search methods: Part 1 - We searched the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group's Specialized Register and CENTRAL; latest search 16 October 2020. Part 2 - We searched included studies in the following 'parent' Cochrane reviews: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), antidepressants, nicotine receptor partial agonists, e-cigarettes, and exercise interventions for smoking cessation published in Issue 10, 2020 of the Cochrane Library. We updated register searches for the review of nicotine receptor partial agonists.

Selection criteria: Part 1 - trials of interventions that targeted post-cessation weight gain and had measured weight at any follow-up point or smoking cessation, or both, six or more months after quit day. Part 2 - trials included in the selected parent Cochrane reviews reporting weight change at any time point.

Data collection and analysis: Screening and data extraction followed standard Cochrane methods. Change in weight was expressed as difference in weight change from baseline to follow-up between trial arms and was reported only in people abstinent from smoking. Abstinence from smoking was expressed as a risk ratio (RR). Where appropriate, we performed meta-analysis using the inverse variance method for weight, and Mantel-Haenszel method for smoking.

Main results: Part 1: We include 37 completed studies; 21 are new to this update. We judged five studies to be at low risk of bias, 17 to be at unclear risk and the remainder at high risk. An intermittent very low calorie diet (VLCD) comprising full meal replacement provided free of charge and accompanied by intensive dietitian support significantly reduced weight gain at end of treatment compared with education on how to avoid weight gain (mean difference (MD) -3.70 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.82 to -2.58; 1 study, 121 participants), but there was no evidence of benefit at 12 months (MD -1.30 kg, 95% CI -3.49 to 0.89; 1 study, 62 participants). The VLCD increased the chances of abstinence at 12 months (RR 1.73, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.73; 1 study, 287 participants). However, a second study found that no-one completed the VLCD intervention or achieved abstinence. Interventions aimed at increasing acceptance of weight gain reported mixed effects at end of treatment, 6 months and 12 months with confidence intervals including both increases and decreases in weight gain compared with no advice or health education. Due to high heterogeneity, we did not combine the data. These interventions increased quit rates at 6 months (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.96; 4 studies, 619 participants; I2 = 21%), but there was no evidence at 12 months (RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.06; 2 studies, 496 participants; I2 = 26%). Some pharmacological interventions tested for limiting post-cessation weight gain (PCWG) reduced weight gain at the end of treatment (dexfenfluramine, phenylpropanolamine, naltrexone). The effects of ephedrine and caffeine combined, lorcaserin, and chromium were too imprecise to give useful estimates of treatment effects. There was very low-certainty evidence that personalized weight management support reduced weight gain at end of treatment (MD -1.11 kg, 95% CI -1.93 to -0.29; 3 studies, 121 participants; I2 = 0%), but no evidence in the longer-term 12 months (MD -0.44 kg, 95% CI -2.34 to 1.46; 4 studies, 530 participants; I2 = 41%). There was low to very low-certainty evidence that detailed weight management education without personalized assessment, planning and feedback did not reduce weight gain and may have reduced smoking cessation rates (12 months: MD -0.21 kg, 95% CI -2.28 to 1.86; 2 studies, 61 participants; I2 = 0%; RR for smoking cessation 0.66, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.90; 2 studies, 522 participants; I2 = 0%). Part 2: We include 83 completed studies, 27 of which are new to this update. There was low certainty that exercise interventions led to minimal or no weight reduction compared with standard care at end of treatment (MD -0.25 kg, 95% CI -0.78 to 0.29; 4 studies, 404 participants; I2 = 0%). However, weight was reduced at 12 months (MD -2.07 kg, 95% CI -3.78 to -0.36; 3 studies, 182 participants; I2 = 0%). Both bupropion and fluoxetine limited weight gain at end of treatment (bupropion MD -1.01 kg, 95% CI -1.35 to -0.67; 10 studies, 1098 participants; I2 = 3%); (fluoxetine MD -1.01 kg, 95% CI -1.49 to -0.53; 2 studies, 144 participants; I2 = 38%; low- and very low-certainty evidence, respectively). There was no evidence of benefit at 12 months for bupropion, but estimates were imprecise (bupropion MD -0.26 kg, 95% CI -1.31 to 0.78; 7 studies, 471 participants; I2 = 0%). No studies of fluoxetine provided data at 12 months. There was moderate-certainty that NRT reduced weight at end of treatment (MD -0.52 kg, 95% CI -0.99 to -0.05; 21 studies, 2784 participants; I2 = 81%) and moderate-certainty that the effect may be similar at 12 months (MD -0.37 kg, 95% CI -0.86 to 0.11; 17 studies, 1463 participants; I2 = 0%), although the estimates are too imprecise to assess long-term benefit. There was mixed evidence of the effect of varenicline on weight, with high-certainty evidence that weight change was very modestly lower at the end of treatment (MD -0.23 kg, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.06; 14 studies, 2566 participants; I2 = 32%); a low-certainty estimate gave an imprecise estimate of higher weight at 12 months (MD 1.05 kg, 95% CI -0.58 to 2.69; 3 studies, 237 participants; I2 = 0%).

Authors' conclusions: Overall, there is no intervention for which there is moderate certainty of a clinically useful effect on long-term weight gain. There is also no moderate- or high-certainty evidence that interventions designed to limit weight gain reduce the chances of people achieving abstinence from smoking.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02453659 NCT01867983 NCT01199185 NCT03528304 NCT00755716 NCT00921388 NCT01305447 NCT02906644 NCT02044874 NCT01401569 NCT01010204 NCT00666978 NCT00935818 NCT01370356 NCT00689611 NCT00794573 NCT01509547 NCT03553173 NCT00918307 NCT02859142 NCT01860924 NCT01303861 NCT01517022 NCT02521662 NCT00985985 NCT01694732 NCT03156660 NCT00943618 NCT02417467 NCT02162849 NCT03722966 NCT04088942.

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Conflict of interest statement

JHB: co‐applicant on an award from the Cochrane Review Support Programme. JHB also writes and publishes frequently on the evidence for smoking cessation interventions, and to a lesser extent about evidence on weight management. None of these represent a conflict with what is covered in this review.

AT: None

AF: co‐applicant on a researcher‐led grant from Ethicon (Johnson and Johnson).

PH: research grants, last held in 2015 from Pfizer (funds were received by the institution); Recieved payment for assessing grant applications (GRAND initiative) and attending global advisory board meeting (last attended in 2017); provides invited commentaries, usually concerning an article on e‐cigarettes for journals (The Lancet, Tobacco Control, Lancet Respiratory and Addiction); was involved in the conduct of a study that was eligible for inclusion in this work which was funded by NIHR.

DL: published a press release following publication of a research report; was involved in the conduct studies that were eligible for inclusion in this work: The DeMist Trial: UKCTCS, VLCD provided by Lipotrim (2010) and The SWISSS Trial: NIHR‐SPCR, Slimming Word vouchers for intervention provide by Slimming World (2013)

LLJ: None

LK: None

LH: None

AH: None

MS: None

PA: was involved in the conduct of a study that was eligible for inclusion in this work funded by the School for Primary Care Research.

PA and AF (nee Parsons) are also authors of a study included in this review testing the effect of St John's wort and chromium supplements on smoking cessation and post‐cessation weight gain. The trial was funded by Cancer Research UK and the supplements were bought from the manufacturer. Paul Aveyard has done consultancy work for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that has led to payments to him and his institution. This includes work for companies providing smoking cessation medication, including McNeil, Xenova and Pfizer.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for Part 1 2020 search plus studies from 2016 search and the 2012 review
2
2
Study flow diagram for Part 2 2020 search plus studies from 2016 search and the 2012 review
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 5 All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, outcome: 5.1 Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment.
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 8 All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, outcome: 8.1 Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 8 All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, outcome: 8.2 Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months.
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 8 All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, outcome: 8.3 Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months.
8
8
Funnel plot of comparison: 10 Varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation, outcome: 10.1 Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 4: Smoking cessation at 6 months
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 5: Smoking cessation at 12 months
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 6: Adverse events
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Pharmacological interventions versus placebo for post cessation weight control, Outcome 7: Serious adverse events
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Behavioural weight management interventions versus advice or no intervention for post‐cessation weight control, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Behavioural weight management interventions versus advice or no intervention for post‐cessation weight control, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Behavioural weight management interventions versus advice or no intervention for post‐cessation weight control, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Behavioural weight management interventions versus advice or no intervention for post‐cessation weight control, Outcome 4: Smoking cessation at 6 months
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Behavioural weight management interventions versus advice or no intervention for post‐cessation weight control, Outcome 5: Smoking cessation at 12 months
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Direct comparisons between behavioural weight management interventions, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Direct comparisons between behavioural weight management interventions, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Direct comparisons between behavioural weight management interventions, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Direct comparisons between behavioural weight management interventions, Outcome 4: Smoking cessation at 6 months
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Direct comparisons between behavioural weight management interventions, Outcome 5: Smoking cessation at 12 months
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Acceptance interventions for weight concern, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Acceptance interventions for weight concern, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Acceptance interventions for weight concern, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Acceptance interventions for weight concern, Outcome 4: Smoking cessation at 6 months
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Acceptance interventions for weight concern, Outcome 5: Smoking cessation at 12 months
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment: dose response
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 4: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months: dose response
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 5: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: All types of antidepressant versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 6: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months: dose response
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Exercise interventions versus no exercise for smoking cessation, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Exercise interventions versus no exercise for smoking cessation, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Bupropion versus NRT, Outcome 1: Weight change (kg) at 12 months
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: All types of NRT versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment: comparisons by type
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months: comparisons by type
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months: comparisons by type
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 4: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months: longer course vs. shorter
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 5: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment: dose response
9.6
9.6. Analysis
Comparison 9: Direct comparisons between NRT types for smoking cessation, Outcome 6: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months: dose response
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 2: Mean weight change (kg) at 6 months
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Varenicline versus placebo for smoking cessation, Outcome 3: Mean weight change (kg) at 12 months
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Varenicline versus bupropion, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Varenicline versus NRT, Outcome 1: Mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Nicotine EC + patch vs patch, Outcome 1: Weight (kg) at EOT
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Nicotine EC + patch vs nicotine‐free EC + patch, Outcome 1: Weight (kg) at EOT
14.2
14.2. Analysis
Comparison 14: Nicotine EC + patch vs nicotine‐free EC + patch, Outcome 2: Weight (kg) at 6 months
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Nicotine‐free EC + patch vs patch, Outcome 1: Weight (kg) at EOT
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Nicotine‐free EC + patch vs patch, Outcome 2: Weight (kg) at 6 months
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Nicotine EC versus varenicline, Outcome 1: Weight change (kg) at EOT
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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1 Parsons 2009 {published data only}
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1 Perkins 2001 {published data only}
    1. Perkins KA, Marcus MD, Levine MD, D'Amico D, Miller A, Broge M, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy to reduce weight concerns improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2001;69(4):604-13. - PubMed
1 Pirie 1992 (also Part 2) {published data only}
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1 Prapavessis 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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1 Rose 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Rose JE, Davis JM. Combination lorcaserin and nicotine patch for smoking cessation without weight gain. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2020;22(9):1627-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz149] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1 Shanahan 2017 {published data only}
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1 Sobell 2017 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Sobell MB, Peterson AL, Sobell LC, Brundige A, Hunter CM, Hunter CM. Reducing alcohol consumption to minimize weight gain and facilitate smoking cessation among military beneficiaries. Addictive Behaviors 2017;75:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.06.018] - DOI - PubMed
1 Spring 1995 (also Part 2) {published data only}
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1 Spring 2004 {published data only}
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1 Toll 2010 {published data only}
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1 Vander Weg 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Vander Weg MW, Cozad AJ, Howren MB, Cretzmeyer M, Scherubel M, Turvey C, et al. An individually-tailored smoking cessation intervention for rural Veterans: a pilot randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):811. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-3493-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1 White 2019 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. White MA, Ivezaj V, Grilo CM. Evaluation of a web-based cognitive behavioral smoking cessation treatment for overweight/obese smokers. Journal of Health Psychology 2019;24(13):1796-806. - PubMed
1 Wilcox 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Wilcox C, Tong M-L, Oskooilar N, Morrissey J, De Francisco D, Henry M, et al. A 12-week, multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase-2, dose selection study of lorcaserin hydrochloride for smoking cessation: preliminary report. In: Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016:S626-7.
2 Abelin 1989 {published data only}
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    1. Müller P, Abelin T, Ehrsam R, Imhof P, Howald H, Mauli D. The use of transdermal nicotine in smoking cessation. Lung 1990;168(Suppl):445-53. - PubMed
2 Aubin 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Aubin HJ, Bobak A, Britton JR, Oncken C, Billing CB, Gong J, et al. Varenicline versus transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation: results from a randomised, open-label trial. Thorax 2008;63(8):717-24. - PMC - PubMed
2 Benowitz 2018 {published data only}
    1. Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, St Aubin L, McRae T, Lawrence D, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2016;387(10037):2507-20. [DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30272-0] - DOI - PubMed
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2 Bernard 2015 {published data only}
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2 Bize 2010 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bize R, Willi C, Chiolero A, Stoianov R, Payot S, Locatelli I, et al. Participation in a population-based physical activity programme as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomised trial. Tobacco Control 2010;19(6):488-94. - PubMed
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    1. Gonseth S, Locatelli I, Bize R, Nussle S, Clair C, Pralong F, et al. Leptin and smoking cessation: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial assessing physical activity as an aid for smoking cessation. BMC Public Health 2014;14:911. - PMC - PubMed
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2 Blondal 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Blondal T, Gudmundsson LJ, Olafsdottir I, Gustavsson G, Westin A. Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up. BMJ 1999;318:285-9. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Blondal T, Ludviksdottir D, Gudmundsson L, Olafsdottir I, Gustavsson G, Westin A. Efficacy of nicotine nasal spray added to transdermal nicotine patches in smoking cessation [Abstract]. In: 10th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; Aug 24-28; Beijing, China. 1997:48.
2 Bloom 2017 {published data only}
    1. Abrantes AM, Bloom EL, Strong DR, Riebe D, Marcus BH, Desaulniers J, et al. A preliminary randomized controlled trial of a behavioral exercise intervention for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2014;16(8):1094-103. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu036] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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2 Bohadana 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bohadana A, Nilsson F, Rasmussen T, Martinet Y. Gender differences in quit rates following smoking cessation with combination nicotine therapy: influence of baseline smoking behavior. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5(1):111-6. - PubMed
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2 Bolliger 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bolliger CT, Issa Jaqueline S, Posadas-Valay R, Safwat T, Abreu P, Correia EA, et al. Effects of varenicline in adult smokers: a multinational, 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Therapeutics 2011;33(4):465-77. - PubMed
2 CEASE 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tønnesen P, Paoletti P, Gustavsson G, Russell MA, Saracci R, Gulsvik A et al. Higher dosage nicotine patches increase one-year smoking cessation rates: results from the European CEASE trial. European Respiratory Journal 1999;13(2):238-46. - PubMed
2 Chengappa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chengappa KN, Perkins KA, Brar JS, Schlicht PJ, Turkin SR, Hetrick ML, et al. Varenicline for smoking cessation in bipolar disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2014;75(7):765-72. [DOI: 10.4088/JCP.13m08756] - DOI - PubMed
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2 Ciccolo 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ciccolo JT, Dunsiger SI, Williams DM, Bartholomew JB, Jennings EG, Ussher MH, et al. Resistance training as an aid to standard smoking cessation treatment: a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2011;13(8):756-60. [CENTRAL: 784125] - PMC - PubMed
2 Cox 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cox LS, Faseru B, Mayo MS, Krebill R, Snow TS, Bronars CA, et al. Design, baseline characteristics, and retention of African American light smokers into a randomized trial involving biological data. Trials 2011;12:22. [CENTRAL: 778725] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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2 Dale 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dale LC, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Lawson GM, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR. High-dose nicotine patch therapy - percentage of replacement and smoking cessation. JAMA 1995;274(17):1353-8. - PubMed
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2 Dogar 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN43811467
    1. Dogar O, Barua D, Boeckmann M, Elsey H, Fatima R, Gabe R, et al. The safety, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cytisine in achieving six-month continuous smoking abstinence in tuberculosis patients - protocol for a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Addiction (Abingdon, England) 2018;113(9):1716-26. [DOI: 10.1111/add.14242] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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2 Ebbert 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ebbert JO, Hatsukami DK, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Allen SS, Hays JT, et al. Combination varenicline and bupropion SR for tobacco-dependence treatment in cigarette smokers: a randomized trial. JAMA 2014;311(2):155-63. [CENTRAL: 921055] [EMBASE: 2014041620] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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2 Ebbert 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ebbert JO, Hughes JR, West RJ, Rennard SI, Russ C, McRae TD, et al. Effect of varenicline on smoking cessation through smoking reduction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313(7):687-94. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.280] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Ehrsam 1991 {published data only}
    1. Abelin T, Ehrsam R, Buhler-Reichert A, Imhof PR, Müller P, Thommen A. Effectiveness of a transdermal nicotine system in smoking cessation studies. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 1989;11(3):205-14. - PubMed
    1. Abelin T, Ehrsam R, Imhof P Müller P, Howald H. Clinical experience with a transdermal nicotine system in healthy nicotine-dependent smokers. In: Wilhemsen L, editors(s). Smoking as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor - New Strategies for Smoking Cessation. Hogrefe & Huber, 1991:35-46.
    1. Ehrsam RE, Bühler A, Müller P, Mauli D, Schumacher PM, Howald H, et al. Weaning of young smokers using a transdermal nicotine patch [Entwohnung junger Raucher mit Hilfe eines transdermalen Nikotinpflasters]. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 1991;80(7):145-50. - PubMed
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2 Eisenberg 2013 {published data only}
    1. Eisenberg MJ, Grandi SM, Gervais A, Joseph L, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 2011;27(5 SUPPL 1):S344. [CENTRAL: 814579] [6968] - PubMed
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2 Eisenberg 2016 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dehghani P, Habib B, Windle SB, Roy N, Old W, Grondin FR, et al. Smokers and postcessation weight gain after acute coronary syndrome. Journal of the American Heart Association 2017;6(4):e004785. [DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004785] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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2 Fiore 1994A {published and unpublished data}
    1. Elan Pharmaceutical Research Corp. NDA 19-983 for Approval of PROSTEP. Study 90-03 1992.
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2 Fiore 1994B {published and unpublished data}
    1. Fiore MC, Kenford SL, Jorenby DE, Wetter DW, Smith SS, Baker TB. Two studies of the clinical effectiveness of the nicotine patch with different counseling treatments. Chest 1994;105(2):524-33. - PubMed
2 Gallagher 2007 {published data only}
    1. Gallagher SM, Penn PE, Schindler E, Layne W. A comparison of smoking cessation treatments for persons with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 2007;39(4):487-97. [DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2007.10399888] - DOI - PubMed
2 Garvey 2000 {published and unpublished data}
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2 Gonzales 2006 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296(1):47-55. - PubMed
2 Gourlay 1995 {published data only}
    1. Gourlay SG, Forbes A, Marriner T, Pethica D, McNeil JJ. Double blind trial of repeated treatment with transdermal nicotine for relapsed smokers. BMJ 1995;311(7001):363-6. - PMC - PubMed
2 Gray 2019 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Gray KM, Baker NL, McClure EA, Tomko RL, Squeglia LM, Saladin ME, et al. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for adolescent smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics 2019;173(12):1146-53. [DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3553] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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2 Gross 1995 {published data only}
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2 Hjalmarson 1984 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hjalmarson AI. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. JAMA 1984;252(20):2835-8. - PubMed
2 Hjalmarson 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hjalmarson AI, Franzon M, Westin A, Wiklund O. Effect of nicotine nasal spray on smoking cessation. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1994;154:2567-72. - PubMed
2 Hjalmarson 1997 {published data only}
    1. Hjalmarson A, Nilsson F, Sjöstrom L, Wiklund O. The nicotine inhaler in smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 1997;157(15):1721-8. - PubMed
2 Hurt 1997 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hurt RD, Glover ED, Sachs DP, et al. Bupropion for smoking cessation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled dose response trial [Abstract]. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1996;15:137.
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2 Ioakeimidis 2018 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Ioakeimidis N, Vlachopoulos C, Georgakopoulos C, Abdelrasoul M, Skliros N, Katsi V, et al. P1234 Smoking cessation rates with varenicline and electronic cigarettes in relapsed smokers with a history of acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal 2018;39(Suppl 1):S242. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy565.P1234] - DOI
2 Jodar‐Sanchez 2018 {published data only}
    1. Carrasco-Hernandez L, Jódar-Sánchez F, Núñez-Benjumea F, Moreno Conde J, Mesa González M, Civit-Balcells A, et al. A mobile health solution complementing psychopharmacology-supported smoking cessation: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 2020;8(4):e17530. [DOI: 10.2196/17530] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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2 Jorenby 2006 {published data only}
    1. Jorenby DE, Hays JT, Rigotti NA, Azoulay S, Watsky EJ, Williams KE, et al. Efficacy of varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine partial agonist vs placebo or sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296(1):56-63. - PubMed
2 Koegelenberg 2014 {published data only}
    1. Koegelenberg CF, Noor F, Bateman ED, Van Zyl-Smit RN, Bruning A, O'Brien JA, et al. Efficacy of varenicline combined with nicotine replacement therapy vs varenicline alone for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;312(2):155-61. [CENTRAL: 994156] - PubMed
2 Lerman 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Lerman C, Jepson C, Wileyto EP, Epstein LH, Rukstalis M, Patterson F, et al. Role of functional genetic variation in the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in response to bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy for tobacco dependence: results of two randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology 2006;31(1):231-42. - PubMed
    1. Lerman C, Kaufmann V, Rukstalis M, Patterson F, Perkins K, Audrain McGovern J, et al. Individualizing nicotine replacement therapy for the treatment of tobacco dependence: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2004;140(6):426-33. - PubMed
    1. Lerman C, Tyndale R, Patterson F, Wileyto EP, Shields PG, Pinto A, et al. Nicotine metabolite ratio predicts efficacy of transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006;79(6):600-8. - PubMed
    1. Lerman C, Wileyto EP, Patterson F, Rukstalis M, Audrain-McGovern J, Restine S et al. The functional mu opioid receptor (OPRM1) Asn40Asp variant predicts short-term response to nicotine replacement therapy in a clinical trial. Pharmacogenomics Journal 2004;4(3):184-92. - PubMed
    1. Malaiyandi V, Lerman C, Benowitz NL, Jepson C, Patterson F, Tyndale RF. Impact of CYP2A6 genotype on pretreatment smoking behaviour and nicotine levels from and usage of nicotine replacement therapy. Molecular Psychiatry 2006;11(4):400-9. - PubMed
2 Lycett 2011 {published data only}
    1. Lycett D, Munafò M, Johnstone E, Murphy M, Aveyard P. Associations between weight change over 8 years and baseline body mass index in a cohort of continuing and quitting smokers. Addiction 2011;106:1188-96. - PubMed
2 Marcus 1999 {published data only}
    1. Marcus B, Albrecht A, King T, Parisi A, Pinto B, Roberts M, et al. The efficacy of exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999;159(11):1229-34. - PubMed
2 Marcus 2005 {published data only}
    1. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Hogan J, King TK, Albrecht AE, Bock B, et al. The efficacy of moderate-intensity exercise as an aid for smoking cessation in women: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7(6):871-80. - PubMed
2 Mercié 2018 {published data only}
    1. Mercié P, Arsandaux J, Katlama C, Ferret S, Beuscart A, Spadone C, et al. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation in people living with HIV in France (ANRS 144 Inter-ACTIV): a randomised controlled phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet. HIV 2018;5(3):e126–35. [DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30002-X] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mercié P, Roussillon C, Katlama C, Beuscart A, Ferret S, Wirth N, et al. Varenicline vs placebo for smoking cessation: ANRS 144 Inter-ACTIV randomized trial. In: Cardiovascular, Bone, and Kidney Health. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 2015 Feb 23-26; Seattle, Washington. 2015. [139]
2 Nakamura 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura M, Oshima A, Fujimoto Y, Maruyama N, Ishibashi T, Reeves KR. Efficacy and tolerability of nicotinic varenicline, an alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in a 12-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study with 40-week follow-up for smoking cessation in Japanese smokers. Clinical Therapeutics 2007;29(6):1040-56. - PubMed
    1. Nakamura M, Oshima A, Ohkura M, Arteaga C, Suwa K. Predictors of lapse and relapse to smoking in successful quitters in a varenicline post hoc analysis in japanese smokers. Clinical Therapeutics 2014;36(6):918-27. [CENTRAL: 995377] [EMBASE: 2014542011] - PubMed
2 NCT02859142 2016 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02859142. Varenicline augmentation of patch outcomes in heavy drinkers' smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02859142 (first received 8 August 2016).
2 Niaura 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Borrelli B, Niaura R, Keuthen NJ, Goldstein MG, Depue JD, Murphy C, et al. Development of major depressive disorder during smoking-cessation treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1996;57(11):534-8. - PubMed
    1. Borrelli B, Papandonatos G, Spring B, Hitsman B, Niaura R. Experimenter-defined quit dates for smoking cessation: adherence improves outcomes for women but not for men. Addiction 2004;99(3):378-85. - PubMed
    1. Borrelli B, Spring B, Niaura R, Hitsman B, Papandonatos G. Influences of gender and weight gain on short-term relapse to smoking in a cessation trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001;69(3):511-15. - PubMed
    1. Borrelli B, Spring B, Niaura R, Kristeller J, Ockene JK, Keuthen NJ. Weight suppression and weight rebound in ex-smokers treated with fluoxetine. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1999;67(1):124-31. - PubMed
    1. Cook JW, Spring B, McChargue DE, Borrelli B, Hitsman B, Niaura R, et al. Influence of fluoxetine on positive and negative affect in a clinic-based smoking cessation trial. Psychopharmacology 2004;173(1-2):153-9. - PMC - PubMed
2 Niaura 2008 {published data only}
    1. Niaura R, Hays JT, Jorenby DE, Leone FT, Pappas JE, Reeves KR, et al. The efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation using a flexible dosing strategy in adult smokers: a randomized controlled trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2008;24(7):1931-41. - PubMed
2 Nides 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Nides M, Oncken C, Gonzales D, Rennard S, Watsky EJ, Anziano R, et al. Smoking cessation with varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist: Results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Archives of Internal Medicine 2006;166(15):1561-8. - PubMed
    1. Oncken C, Watsky E, Reeves K, Anziano R. Varenicline is efficacious and well tolerated in promoting smoking cessation: results from a 7-week, randomized, placebo- and bupropion-controlled trial. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20-23 March 2005, Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
2 Oncken 2006 {published data only}
    1. Oncken C, Gonzales D, Nides M, Rennard S, Watsky E, Billing CB, et al. Efficacy and safety of the novel selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, varenicline, for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2008;166(15):1571-7. - PubMed
2 Oncken 2007 {published data only}
    1. Oncken C, Cooney J, Feinn R, Lando H, Kranzler HR. Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(2):296-309. - PubMed
2 Pack 2008 {published data only}
    1. Pack QR, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Jackson T, Weston P, Piper M, et al. A comparison of the nicotine lozenge and nicotine gum: an effectiveness randomized controlled trial. Wisconsin Medical Journal 2008;107(5):237-43. - PMC - PubMed
2 Patten 2016 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Patten CA, Bronars CA, Vickers Douglas KS, Ussher MH, Levine JA, Tye SJ, et al. Supervised, vigorous intensity exercise intervention for depressed female smokers: a pilot study. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2017;19(1):77-86. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw208] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Piper 2007 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Efficacy of bupropion alone and in combination with nicotine gum. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(9):947-54. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Efficacy of bupropion SR alone and combined with 4-mg nicotine gum (PA2-2). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting February 18-21, Phoenix, Arizona. Vol. 18. 2004.
    1. Piper ME, Federmen EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore ME, et al. Using mediational models to explore the nature of tobacco motivation and tobacco treatment effects. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2008;117(1):94-105. - PubMed
    1. Piper ME. Bupropion alone and in combination with nicotine gum: efficacy, medication and moderation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2007;9:947-54. - PMC - PubMed
2 Piper 2009 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME, Smith SS, Schlam TR, Fiore MC, Jorenby DE, Fraser D, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies. Archives of General Psychiatry 2009;66(11):1253-62. - PMC - PubMed
2 Puska 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Puska P, Korhonen HJ, Vartiainen E, Urjanheimo EL, Gustavsson G, Westin A. Combined use of nicotine patch and gum compared with gum alone in smoking cessation: a clinical trial in North Karelia. Tobacco Control 1995;4:231-5.
2 Richmond 1994 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Richmond RL, Harris K, De Almeida Neto A. The transdermal nicotine patch: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Medical Journal of Australia 1994;161(2):130-5. - PubMed
    1. Richmond RL, Kehoe L, De Almeida Neto AC. Effectiveness of a 24-hour transdermal nicotine patch in conjunction with a cognitive behavioural programme: one year outcome. Addiction 1997;92(1):27-31. - PubMed
2 Rigotti 2006 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rigotti N, Thorndike A, Regan S, Pasternak R, Chang Y, McKool K, et al. Safety and efficacy of bupropion for smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease [abstract]. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2005;7:682. - PubMed
    1. Rigotti NA, Thorndike AN, Regan S, McKool K, Pasternak RC, Chang Y, et al. Bupropion for smokers hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Medicine 2006;119(12):1080-7. - PubMed
    1. Thorndike A, Rigotti N, Regan S, Pasternak R, McKool K, Emmons K, et al. Depression and relapse to smoking in patients hospitalized with acute cardiovascular disease [POS3-094]. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, 20-23 March, Prague, Czech Republic. 2005.
2 Rigotti 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ockene I, Salmoirago-Blotcher E. Varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease [editorial]. Circulation 2010;121(2):188-90. - PubMed
    1. Rigotti NA, Pipe AL, Benowitz NL, Arteaga C, Garza D, Tonstad S. Efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation in patients with cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2010;121(2):221-9. - PMC - PubMed
2 Rose 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM. Combination treatment with varenicline and bupropion in an adaptive smoking cessation paradigm. American Journal of Psychiatry 2014;171(11):1199-205. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13050595] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Sachs 1993 {published data only}
    1. Sachs DP, Sawe U, Leischow SJ. Effectiveness of a 16-hour transdermal nicotine patch in a medical practice setting, without intensive group counseling. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153(16):1881-90. - PubMed
2 Saules 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Saules KK, Schuh LM, Arfken CL, Reed K, Kilbey MM, Schuster CR. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in smoking cessation treatment including nicotine patch and cognitive-behavioral group therapy. American Journal on Addictions 2004;13(5):438-46. - PubMed
    1. Schuh LM, Downey KK, Hopper JA, Tancer M, Schuster CR. Fluoxetine in smoking cessation treatment. College on Problems of Drug Dependence Annual Meeting, San Juan, Puerto Rico 2000.
2 Sharma 2018 {published data only}
    1. Sharma SK, Mohan A, Singh AD, Mishra H, Jhanjee S, Pandey RM, et al. Impact of nicotine replacement therapy as an adjunct to antituberculosis treatment and behaviour change counselling in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Scientific Reports 2018;8(1):8828. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26990-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Shiffman 2002A {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dresler CM, Shiffman S, Strahs KR. Safety profile of the new nicotine polacrilex lozenge (PO1 36). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting: Savannah, Georgia. 2002.
    1. Shiffman S, Dresler CM, Hajek P, Gilburt SJ, Targett DA, Strahs KR. Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(11):1267-76. - PubMed
    1. Shiffman S, Dresler CM, Rohay JM. Successful treatment with a nicotine lozenge of smokers with prior failure in pharmacological therapy. Addiction 2004;99(1):83-92. - PubMed
    1. Shiffman S. Nicotine lozenge efficacy in light smokers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2005;77(3):311-4. - PubMed
    1. Shiffman S. Use of more nicotine lozenges leads to better success in quitting smoking. Addiction 2007;102(5):809-14. - PubMed
2 Shiffman 2002B {published and unpublished data}
    1. Shiffman S, Dresler CM, Hajek P, Gilburt SJ, Targett DA, Strahs KR. Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2002;162(11):1267-76. - PubMed
2 Simon 2004 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Caplan BJ. The "bupropion for smoking cessation" trial from a family practice perspective. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(4):470. - PubMed
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Carmody TP, Hudes ES. Bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164(16):1797-803. - PubMed
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Carmody TP, Hudes ES. Bupropion for smoking cessation: a randomized trial. In: National Conference on Tobacco or Health, November 19-22. San Francisco, California. 2002.
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Carmody TP, Hudes ES. Bupropion plus nicotine replacement no better than replacement alone. Journal of Family Practice 2004;53:953-4.
2 Simon 2009 {published data only}
    1. Simon JA, Duncan C, Huggins J, Solkowitz S, Carmody TP. Sustained-release bupropion for hospital-based smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2009;11(6):663-9. - PubMed
2 Stapleton 1995 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Russell MA, Stapleton JA, Feyerabend C, Wiseman SM, Gustavsson G, Sawe U, et al. Targeting heavy smokers in general practice: randomised controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patches. BMJ 1993;306(6888):1308-12. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stapleton JA, Russell MA, Feyerabend C, Wiseman SM, Gustavsson G, Sawe U, et al. Dose effects and predictors of outcome in a randomized trial of transdermal nicotine patches in general practice. Addiction 1995;90(1):31-42. - PubMed
2 Sutherland 1992 {published data only}
    1. Stapleton JA, Sutherland G, Russell MA. How much does relapse after one year erode effectiveness of smoking cessation treatments? Long term follow up of randomised trial of nicotine nasal spray. BMJ 1998;316(7134):830-1. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sutherland G, Stapleton JA, Russell MA, Jarvis MJ, Hajek P, Belcher M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal nicotine spray in smoking cessation. Lancet 1992;340(8815):324-9. - PubMed
2 Tashkin 2011 {published data only}
    1. Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, Ma W, Lawrence D, Lee TC. Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in mild-to-moderate COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Chest 2011;139(3):591-9. - PubMed
2 TNSG 1991 {published data only}
    1. Daughton DM, Fortmann SP, Glover ED, Hatsukami DK, Heatley SA, Lichtenstein E, et al. The smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of nicotine patch delivery systems 4 to 5 years post-quit day. Preventive Medicine 1999;28(2):113-8. - PubMed
    1. Gross J, Stitzer ML, Maldonado J. Nicotine replacement: effects of postcessation weight gain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1989;57(1):87-92. - PubMed
    1. Swan GE, Jack LM, Ward MM. Subgroups of smokers with different success rates after use of transdermal nicotine. Addiction 1997;92(2):207-17. - PubMed
    1. Transdermal Nicotine Study Group. Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Six-month results from two multicenter controlled clinical trials. Transdermal Nicotine Study Group. JAMA 1991;266(22):3133-8. - PubMed
2 Tonstad 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tonstad S, Tonnesen P, Hajek P, Williams KE, Billing CB, Reeves KR. Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation. JAMA 2006;296(1):64-71. - PubMed
2 Tsai 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tsai ST, Cho HJ, Cheng HS, Kim CH, Hsueh KC, Billing CB Jr et al. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, as a new therapy for smoking cessation in Asian smokers. Clinical Therapeutics 2008;29(6):1027-39. - PubMed
2 Tønnesen 1991 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Mikkelsen KL, Tønnesen P, Nørregaard J. Three-year outcome of two- and three-year sustained abstainers from a smoking cessation study with nicotine patches. Journal of Smoking-Related Disorders 1994;5:95-100.
    1. Nørregaard J, Tønnesen P, Petersen L. Predictors and reasons for relapse in smoking cessation with nicotine and placebo patches. Preventive Medicine 1993;22(2):261-71. - PubMed
    1. Tønnesen P, Nørregaard J, Säwe U. Two-year outcome in a smoking cessation trial with a nicotine patch. Journal of Smoking-Related Disorders 1992;3:241-5.
    1. Tønnesen P, Nørregaard J, Simonsen K, Säwe U. A double-blind trial of a 16-hour transdermal nicotine patch in smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1991;325(5):311-5. - PubMed
    1. Tønnesen P, Nørregaard J, Simonsen K, Säwe U. A double-blind trial of nicotine patches in smoking cessation [En dobbeltblind undersogelse af nikotinplaster ved rygeafvaenning]. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1992;154(5):251-4. - PubMed
2 Tønnesen 1993 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Tønnesen P, Nørregaard J, Mikkelsen K, Jorgensen S, Nilsson F. A double-blind trial of a nicotine inhaler for smoking cessation. JAMA 1993;269(10):1268-71. - PubMed
2 Ussher 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ussher M, West R, McEwan A, Taylor A, Steptoe A. Efficacy of exercise counselling as an aid for smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. Addiction 2003;98(4):523-32. - PubMed
    1. Ussher M, West R, McEwan A, Taylor A, Steptoe A. Efficacy of exercise counselling as an aid to smoking cessation: a randomised controlled trial. In: European Conference of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 2001.
    1. Ussher M, West W, McEwen A, Taylor AH, Steptoe A. Randomised controlled trial of physical activity counselling as an aid to smoking cessation: 12 month follow-up. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32(12):3060-4. - PubMed
2 Uyar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Uyar M, Bayram N, Filiz A, Elbek O, Topcu A, Dikensoy O, et al. Comparison of nicotine patch and bupropion in treating tobacco dependence. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):388s.
    1. Uyar M, Filiz A, Bayram N, Elbek O, Herken H, Topcu A, et al. A randomized trial of smoking cessation. Medication versus motivation. Saudi Medical Journal 2007;28(6):922-6. - PubMed
2 Walker 2020 {published data only}
    1. Walker N, Parag V, Verbiest M, Laking G, Laugesen M, Bullen C. Nicotine patches used in combination with e-cigarettes (with and without nicotine) for smoking cessation:a pragmatic, randomised trial. Lancet. Respiratory Medicine 2020;8(1):54-64. [DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30269-3] - DOI - PubMed
2 Wallstrom 2000 {published data only}
    1. Pharmacia and Upjohn. Nicorette Nicotine Microtab Monograph. 1998 edition. Chester: Adis International, 1998.
    1. Wallstrom M, Nilsson F, Hirsch JM. A double-blind placebo controlled clinical evaluation of a nicotine sublingual tablet in smoking cessation [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 1997;10(Suppl 25):440S. - PubMed
    1. Wallstrom M, Nilsson F, Hirsch JM. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of a nicotine sublingual tablet in smoking cessation. Addiction 2000;95(8):1161-71. - PubMed
2 Wang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fagerström K, Nakamura M, Cho H, Tsa S, Wang C, Davis S, et al. Varenicline treatment for smoking cessation in Asian populations: a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled trials conducted in six Asian countries. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2010;26(9):2165-73. - PubMed
    1. Wang C, Xiao D, Chan KP, Pothirat C, Garza D, Davis S. Varenicline for smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled randomised study. Respirology 2009;14(3):384-92. - PubMed
2 Xiao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Xiao D, Kotler M, Kang J, Wang C. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a nicotine mint lozenge (2 and 4 mg) in smoking cessation. Journal of Addiction Medicine 2020;14(1):69-77. [DOI: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000547] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Zellweger 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Puska P, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider AE. Zyban is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population - a multi-country study. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd European Conference, September 2001, Paris, France. 2001:45.
    1. Zellweger JP, Blaziene A, Astbury C, Hider A, Hogue S. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in a healthcare professionals population - a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22-26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):166s.
    1. Zellweger JP, Boelcskei PL, Carrozzi L, Sepper R, Sweet R, Hider AZ. Bupropion SR vs placebo for smoking cessation in health care professionals. American Journal of Health Behavior 2005;29(3):240-9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

1 Ames 2007 {published data only}
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1 Chaney 2008 {published data only}
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1 Hughes 1997 {published data only}
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1 ISRCTN47776579 {unpublished data only}ISRCTN47776579
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1 Jeffery 1990 {published data only}
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1 Killen 1990 {published data only}
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1 Kim 2017 {published data only}
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1 King 2006 {published data only}
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1 Lagrue 1994 {published data only}
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1 Leischow 1992 {published data only}
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1 Love 2011 {published data only}
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1 NCT02412631 {published data only}
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1 NCT03362372 {published data only}
    1. Martín-Luján F, Catalin RE, Salamanca-González P, Sorlí-Aguilar M, Santigosa-Ayala A, Valls-Zamora RM, et al. A clinical trial to evaluate the effect of the Mediterranean diet on smokers lung function. NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine 2019;29(1):40. [DOI: 10.1038/s41533-019-0153-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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1 Patterson 2006 {published data only}
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1 Pomerleau 1991 {published data only}
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1 Rohsenow 2007 {published data only}
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1 Russo 2016 {published data only}
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1 Spring 1991 {published data only}
    1. Spring B, Wurtman J, Gleason R, Wurtman R, Kessler K. Weight gain and withdrawal symptoms after smoking cessation: a preventive intervention using d-Fenfluramine. Health Psychology 1991;10(3):216-23. - PubMed
1 Thompson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jennings C, Kotseva K, De Bacquer D, Hoes A, De Velasco J, Brusaferro S, et al. Effectiveness of a preventive cardiology programme for high CVD risk persistent smokers: the EUROACTION PLUS varenicline trial. European Heart Journal 35;21:1411-20. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu051] - DOI - PubMed
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1 Toll 2008 {published data only}
    1. Toll BA, Leary V, Wu R, Salovey P, Meandzija B, O'Malley SS. A preliminary investigation of naltrexone augmentation of bupropion to stop smoking with less weight gain. Addictive Behaviors 2008;33(1):173-9. - PMC - PubMed
1 Wilcox 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wilcox CS, Oskooilar N, Erickson JS, Billes SK, Katz BB, Tollefson G, et al. An open label study of naltrexone and bupropion combination therapy for smoking cessation in overweight and obese subjects. Addictive Behaviors 2010;35(3):229-34. - PubMed
2 AD Ahluwalia 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ahluwalia JS, Harris KJ, Catley D, Okuyemi KS, Mayo MS. Sustained-release bupropion for smoking cessation in African Americans: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:468-74. - PubMed
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2 AD Aubin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Aubin HJ, Lebargy F, Berlin I, Bidaut-Mazel C, Chemali-Hudry J, Lagrue G. Efficacy of bupropion and predictors of successful outcome in a sample of French smokers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction 2004;99:1206-18. - PubMed
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2 AD Berlin 1995 {published data only}
    1. Berlin I, Said S, Spreux Varoquaux O, Launay JM, Olivares R, Millet V, et al. A reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor (moclobemide) facilitates smoking cessation and abstinence in heavy, dependent smokers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1995;58:444-52. - PubMed
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2 AD Blondal 1999 {published data only}
    1. Blondal T, Gudmundsson LJ, Tomasson K, Jonsdottir D, Hilmarsdottir H, Kristjansson F et al. The effects of fluoxetine combined with nicotine inhalers in smoking cessation - a randomized trial. Addiction 1999;94:1007-15. - PubMed
2 AD Brown 2006 {published data only}
    1. David SP, Brown RA, Papandonatos GD, Kahler CW, Lloyd-Richardson EE, Munafò MR, et al. Bupropion interacts with DRD2-TAQ1A genotype and craving to influence smoking cessation (RPOS 3-34). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15-18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
    1. David SP, Niaura R, Papandonatos GD, Shadel WG, Burkholder GJ, Britt DM, et al. Does the DRD2-Taq1 A polymorphism influence treatment response to bupropion hydrochloride for reduction of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome? Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5:935-42. - PubMed
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2 AD Cinciripini 05 {published data only}
    1. Cinciripini PM, Wetter D, Minna J, et al. The effects of brief counseling, transdermal nicotine replacement and antidepressant therapy on smoking cessation among smokers carrying the DRD2 A1 allele (PA3A). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco Annual Meeting; Mar 5-7 1999; San Diego, California. 1999.
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2 AD Collins 2004 {published data only}
    1. Collins B, Wileyto P, Patterson F, Rukstalis M, Audrain-McGovern J, Kaufmann V, et al. Gender differences in smoking cessation in a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion with behavioral counseling. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004;6:27-37. - PubMed
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2 AD Covey 2002 {published data only}
    1. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F, Rivelli S, Stage K. A randomized trial of sertraline as a cessation aid for smokers with a history of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159:1731-7. - PubMed
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2 AD Covey 2007 {published data only}
    1. Covey LS, Glassman AH, Jiang H, Fried J, Masmela J, LoDuca C, et al. A randomized trial of bupropion and/or nicotine gum as maintenance treatment for preventing smoking relapse. Addiction 2007;102:1292-302. - PubMed
2 AD Da Costa 2002 {published data only}
    1. Da Costa C, Younes R, Lourenco M. Smoking cessation: a randomized double-blind study comparing nortriptyline to placebo [abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(5 Suppl):A354.
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2 AD Dalsgareth 2004 {published data only}
    1. Dalsgarð OJ, Vestbo J. A multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6 month trial to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (SR) tablets as treatment for nicotine dependency in healthcare workers and as an aid to smoking cessation (ZYB30009). Poster and oral presentation. In: European Congress on Tobacco or Health, Warsaw, Poland, 20-22 June 2002. 2002.
    1. Dalsgareth OJ, Hansen NC, Søes-Petersen U, Evald T, Høegholm A, Barber J, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial of bupropion hydrochloride sustained-release tablets as an aid to smoking cessation in hospital employees. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2004;6:55-61. - PubMed
2 AD Evins 2001 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Rigotti NA, Freudenreich O, Henderson DC, Olm Shipman CM, et al. Two-year follow-up of a smoking cessation trial in patients with schizophrenia: increased rates of smoking cessation and reduction. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004;65:307-11. - PubMed
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2 AD Evins 2005 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane M, Freudenreich O, Rigotti NA, Goff DC. Smoking cessation in schizophrenia: a double blind placebo controlled trial of bupropion SR added to cognitive behavioral therapy. Biological Psychiatry 2004;55:806.
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Deckersbach T, Freudenreich O, Culhane MA, Olm-Shipman CM, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2005;25:218-25. - PubMed
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2 AD Evins 2006 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Cather C, Culhane M, Birnbaum AS, Horowitz J, Hsieh E, et al. A placebo-controlled study of bupropion SR added to high dose nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation or reduction in schizophrenia (POS2-104). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting; February 15-18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
2 AD Evins 2008 {published data only}
    1. Evins AE, Culhane MA, Alpert JE, Pava J, Liese BS, Farabaugh A, et al. A controlled trial of bupropion added to nicotine patch and behavioral therapy for smoking cessation in adults with unipolar depressive disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2008;28:660-6. - PMC - PubMed
2 AD Ferry 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ferry LH, Robbins AS, Scariati PD, et al. Enhancement of smoking cessation using the antidepressant bupropion hydrochloride [abstract 2670]. Circulation 1992;86(4 Suppl 1):I-671.
2 AD Ferry 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ferry LH, Burchette RJ. Efficacy of bupropion for smoking cessation in non depressed smokers [Abstract]. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1994;13(4):249.
2 AD George 2002 {published data only}
    1. George TP, Vessicchio JC, Termine A, Bregartner TA, Feingold A, Rounsaville BJ, et al. A placebo controlled trial of bupropion for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52:53-61. - PubMed
2 AD GlaxoSmithK SMK20001 {published data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register. Study No: SMK 20001. A multi-center, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel group, dose response evaluation of a new chemical entity (NCE) and ZYBAN (bupropion hydrochloride) sustained release (300mg/day) versus placebo as aids to smoking cessation. ctr.glaxowellcome.co.uk-Summary-bupropion-II_SMK20001.pdf (accessed 23rd August 2006).
2 AD Gonzales 2001 {published data only}
    1. Gonzales D, Nides M, Ferry LH, Segall N, Herrero L, Modell J, et al. Retreatment with bupropion SR: results from 12-month follow-up (RP-83). In: Rapid Communication Poster Abstracts. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting, February 20-23 Savannah, Georgia. 2002.
    1. Gonzales DH, Nides MA, Ferry LH, Kustra RP, Jamerson BD, Segall N, et al. Bupropion SR as an aid to smoking cessation in smokers treated previously with bupropion: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2001;69:438-44. - PubMed
2 AD Haggsträm 2006 {published data only}
    1. Haggsträm FM, Chatkin JM, Sussenbach-Vaz E, Cesari DH, Fam CF, Fritscher CC. A controlled trial of nortriptyline, sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: preliminary results. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2006;19:205-9. - PubMed
2 AD Hall 1998 {published data only}
    1. Haas AL, Munoz RF, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Hall SM. Influences of mood, depression history, and treatment modality on outcomes in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology 2004;72:563-70. - PubMed
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2 AD Hall 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet G, Maude-Griffin R, Reus VI, Muñoz R, Hartz DT. Nortriptyline versus bupropion and medical management versus psychological intervention in smoking treatment (PA 5A). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting March 23-23 Seattle, Washington. 2001:31.
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Muñoz RF, Hartz DT, Maude-Griffin R. Psychological intervention and antidepressant treatment in smoking cessation. Archives of General Psychiatry 2002;59:930-36. - PubMed
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2 AD Hall 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Humfleet GL, Reus VI, Muñoz RF, Cullen J. Extended nortriptyline and psychological treatment for cigarette smoking. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161:2100-7. - PubMed
2 AD Hatsukami 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hatsukami DK, Rennard S, Patel MK, Kotlyar M, Malcolm R, Nides MA, et al. Effects of sustained-release bupropion among persons interested in reducing but not quitting smoking. American Journal of Medicine 2004;116:151-7. - PubMed
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2 AD Hays 2001 {published data only}
    1. Abel GA, Hays JT, Decker PA, Croghan GA, Kuter DJ, Rigotti NA. Effects of biochemically confirmed smoking cessation on white blood cell count. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2005;80:1022-8. - PubMed
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2 AD Hertzberg 2001 {published data only}
    1. Hertzberg MA, Moore SD, Feldman ME, Beckham JC. A preliminary study of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation in patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2001;21:94-8. - PubMed
2 AD Holt 2005 {published data only}
    1. Holt S, Timu-Parata C, Ryder-Lewis S, Weatherall M, Beasley R. Efficacy of bupropion in the indigenous Maori population in New Zealand. Thorax 2005;60:120-3. - PMC - PubMed
2 AD Hurt 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hurt RD, Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Krook JE, Silberstein PT. Bupropion for relapse prevention after nicotine patch therapy [PA 5B abstract ]. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting, March 23-23 2001, Seattle, Washington. 2001:32.
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2 AD Killen 2000 {published data only}
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2 AD Killen 2004 {published data only}
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2 AD Killen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GM Jr, Hayward C, Arredondo C, Cromp D, et al. Extended treatment with bupropion SR for cigarette smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2006;74(2):286-94. - PubMed
2 AD Myles 2004 {published data only}
    1. Myles PS, Leslie K, Angliss M, Mezzavia P, Lee L. Effectiveness of bupropion as an aid to stopping smoking before elective surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2004;59:1053-8. - PubMed
2 AD Piper 2004 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Mediators of bupropion treatment effects (PA5-6). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15-18, Orlando, Florida. 2006:27.
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2 AD Piper 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gennuso KP, Thraen-Borowski KM, Schlam TR, LaRowe TL, Fiore MC, Baker TB, et al. Smokers' physical activity and weight gain one year after a successful versus unsuccessful quit attempt. Preventive Medicine 2014;67:189-92. [CENTRAL: 1014125] [EMBASE: 2014546589] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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2 AD Prochazka 1998 {published data only}
    1. Prochazka AV, Weaver MJ, Keller RT, Fryer GE, Licari PA, Lofaso D. A randomized trial of nortriptyline for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 1998;158:2035-9. - PubMed
2 AD Prochazka 2004 {published data only}
    1. Prochazka AV, Kick S, Steinbrunn C, Miyoshi T, Fryer GE. A randomized trial of nortriptyline combined with transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation. Archives of Internal Medicine 2004;164:2229-33. - PubMed
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2 AD Rovina 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rovina N, Nikoloutsou I, Katsani G, Dima E, Fransis K, Roussos C, & Gratziou, C. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in actual clinical practice. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 2009;3:279-87. - PubMed
2 AD Selby 2003 {published data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trials Register. Study No: ZYB40001. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week smoking cessation trial of Zyban (150 mg bid) in adult smokers previously treated with Zyban. ctr.glaxowellcome.co.uk-Summary-bupropion-IV_ZYB40001.pdf (accessed 23rd August 2006).
    1. Selby P, Ainslie M, Stepner N, Roberts J. Sustained-release bupropion (Zybanr) is effective in the re-treatment of relapsed adult smokers. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 2003;167(7):A47.
    1. Selby P, Brands B, Stepner N. Retreatment with ZYban SR: 52 week follow-up of a Canadian multicentre trial (POS3-63). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting, February 19-22, New Orleans. 2003.
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2 AD Swan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Catz S, Jack LM, Swan GE, McClure J. Adherence to bupropion SR in a smoking cessation effectiveness trial (POS2-77). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15-18, Orlando, Florida. 2006.
    1. Jack LM, Swan GE, Thompson E, Curry SJ, McAfee T, Dacey S, et al. Bupropion SR and smoking cessation in actual practice: methods for recruitment, screening, and exclusion for a field trial in a managed-care setting. Preventive Medicine 2003;36:585-93. - PubMed
    1. Javitz HS, Swan GE, Zbikowski SM, Curry SJ, McAfee TA, Decker DL, et al. Cost-effectiveness of different combinations of bupropion SR dose and behavioral treatment for smoking cessation: a societal perspective. American Journal of Managed Care 2004;10:217-26. - PubMed
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2 AD Tashkin 2001 {published data only}
    1. Patel MK, Tashkin DP, Kanner RE, Bailey WC, Buist A, Anderson PJ, et al. A multicenter evaluation of the effects of bupropion hydrochloride sustained release tablets (Bup SR) versus placebo in a population of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PO130). In: 11th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; Aug 6-11 2000; Chicago, ILL. Vol. 1. 2000:118.
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2 AD Tonstad 2003 {published data only}
    1. McRobbie H, Brath H, Astbury C, Hider A, Sweet R. Bupropion hydrochloride sustained release (SR) is an effective and well tolerated aid to smoking cessation in smokers with cardiovascular disease 12 month follow-up phase data (ZYB40014). In: European Respiratory Society meeting, 14-18 September 2002, Stockholm, Sweden. 2002.
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2 AD Tønnesen 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bolliger CT, Gilljam H, Lebargy F, Van Spiegel PI, Edwards J, Hider A, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride (Zyban) is effective and well tolerated as an aid to smoking cessation - a multicountry study. Abstract and presentation at 11th Annual meeting of European Respiratory Society, Berlin, September 22-26 2001. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):12s.
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2 AD Uyar 2005 {published data only}
    1. Uyar M, Bayram N, Filiz A, Elbek O, Topçu A, Dikensoy O, et al. Comparison of nicotine patch and bupropion in treating tobacco dependence. European Respiratory Journal 2005;26(Suppl 49):388s.
2 AD Wagena 2005 {published data only}
    1. Wagena EJ, Knipschild PG, Huibers MJ, Wouters EF, Van Schayck CP. Efficacy of bupropion and nortriptyline for smoking cessation among people at risk for or with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165:2286-92. - PubMed
2 Aveyard 2018 {published data only}ISRCTN33031001
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2 Drovandi 2018 {published data only}
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2 EX Hill 1985 {published data only}
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2 EX Hill 1993 {published data only}
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2 EX Kinnunen 2008 {unpublished data only}
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2 EX Marcus 1991 {published data only}
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2 EX Marcus 1995 {published data only}
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2 EX Martin 1997 {published data only}
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2 EX Prapavessis 2007 {unpublished data only}
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2 EX Russell 1988 {published data only}
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2 EX Taylor 1988 {published data only}
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2 LeMao 2020 {published data only}
    1. Le Mao R, Tromeur C, Paleiron N, Sanchez O, Gagnadoux F, Jouneau S, et al. Effect of early initiation of varenicline on smoking cessation in COPD patients admitted for exacerbation: the Save randomized clinical trial. COPD 2020;17(1):7-14. [DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2019.1703928] - DOI - PubMed
2 NRT Ahluwalia 1998 {published data only}
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2 NRT Ahluwalia 2006 {published data only}
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2 NRT Areechon 1988 {published data only}
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2 NRT Blondal 1989 {published data only}
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2 NRT Blondal 1997 {published data only}
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2 NRT Bolin 1999 {published data only}
    1. Bolin LJ, Antonuccio DO, Follette WC, Krumpe P. Transdermal nicotine: the long and the short of it. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 1999;13:152-6.
2 NRT Br Thor Soc 83 {published data only}
    1. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Comparison of four methods of smoking withdrawal in patients with smoking related diseases. Report by a subcommittee of the Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. British Medical Journal 1983;286(6365):595-7. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Buchkremer 88 {published data only}
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    1. Buchkremer G, Bents H, Minneker E, Opitz K. Long-term effects of a combination of transdermal nicotine administration with behavior therapy for smoking cessation [Langfristige Effekte einer Kombination von transdermaler Nikotinzufuhr mit Verhaltenstherapie zur Raucherentwohnung]. Nervenarzt 1988;59:488-90. - PubMed
2 NRT Bullen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bullen C, Howe C, Lin RB, Grigg M, Laugesen M, McRobbie H, Glover M, et al. Pre-cessation nicotine replacement therapy: pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction 2010;105:1474-83. - PubMed
2 NRT Campbell 1987 {published data only}
    1. Campbell IA, Lyons E, Prescott R. Do nicotine chewing-gum and postal encouragement add to doctors' advice. Practitioner 1987;231:114-7. - PubMed
2 NRT Campbell 1991 {published data only}
    1. Campbell IA, Prescott RJ, Tjeder-Burton SM. Smoking cessation in hospital patients given repeated advice plus nicotine or placebo chewing gum. Respiratory Medicine 1991;85:155-7. - PubMed
2 NRT Campbell 1996 {published data only}
    1. Burton S, Campbell IA, Prescott RJ. Nicotine patches versus placebo in 235 hospital patients [abstract 191]. In: 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Mar 30-Apr 3; Buenos Aires, Argentina. 1992.
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2 NRT Cinciripini 96 {published data only}
    1. Cinciripini PM, Cinciripini LG, Wallfisch A, Haque W. Behavior therapy and the transdermal nicotine patch: effects on cessation outcome, affect, and coping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64:314-23. - PubMed
    1. Cinciripini PM, Wetter DW, Fouladi RT, Blalock JA, Carter BL, Cinciripini LG, et al. The effects of depressed mood on smoking cessation: mediation by postcessation self-efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003;71:292-301. - PubMed
2 NRT Clavel 1985 {published data only}
    1. Clavel F, Benhamou S, Company Huertas A, Flamant R. Helping people to stop smoking: randomised comparison of groups being treated with acupuncture and nicotine gum with control group. British Medical Journal 1985;291:1538-9. - PMC - PubMed
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2 NRT Clavel‐Cha '92 {published data only}
    1. Clavel-Chapelon F, Paoletti C, Benhamou S. A randomised 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate different smoking cessation methods. Revue d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique 1992;40:187-90. - PubMed
2 NRT Croghan 2003 {published data only}
    1. Croghan GA, Hurt RD, Croghan IT, Sloan J, Novotny P, Loprinzi C. Comparison of a 15 mg transdermal nicotine patch alone versus nicotine nasal spray alone versus both for smoking cessation. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1998;17:121.
    1. Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Croghan IT, Novotny P, Hurt RD, DeKrey WL, et al. Comparison of nicotine patch alone versus nicotine nasal spray alone versus a combination for treating smokers: a minimal intervention, randomized multicenter trial in a nonspecialized setting. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2003;5(2):181-7. - PubMed
2 NRT Croghan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Croghan IT, Hurt RD, Dakhil SR, Croghan GA, Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, et al. Randomized comparison of a nicotine inhaler and bupropion for smoking cessation and relapse prevention. Mayo Clinic.Proceedings 2007;82:186-95. - PubMed
2 NRT Daughton 1991 {published data only}
    1. Daughton DM, Heatley SA, Prendergast JJ, Causey D, Knowles M, Rolf CN, et al. Effect of transdermal nicotine delivery as an adjunct to low-intervention smoking cessation therapy. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Archives of Internal Medicine 1991;151:749-52. - PubMed
    1. Daughton DM, Heatley SA, Prendergast JJ, Causey D, Knowles M, Rolf CN, et al. Effects of transdermal nicotine as an adjunct in smoking cessation therapy. A double-blind randomized study controlled with placebo [Italian] [Effetti del rilascio transdermico di nicotina come terapia di supporto per lo svezzamento dal fumo di sigaretta. Uno studio randomizzato in doppio cieco con controlli trattati con placebo.]. Archivio Monaldi 1992;47:17-29. - PubMed
2 NRT Daughton 1998 {published data only}
    1. Daughton D, Susman J, Sitorius M, Belenky S, Millatmal T, Nowak R, et al. Transdermal nicotine therapy and primary care. Importance of counseling, demographic, and participant selection factors on 1-year quit rates. The Nebraska Primary Practice Smoking Cessation Trial Group. Archives of Family Medicine 1998;7:425-30. - PubMed
2 NRT Dautzenberg 01 {published data only}
    1. Dautzenberg B, Peiffer G, Toulouse F, Yvinec MJ, Jacob N, Kienzler JL. Randomized trial assessment of nicotinell lozenge 1mg, a new oral nicotine replacement therapy. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd European Conference, Paris. 2001:55.
    1. Dautzenberg B, Ruff F, Vaucher M, Maillon P, Jacob N, Kienzler JL, et al. First demonstration of the good efficacy/safety ratio of Nicotinell(r) 1mg Lozenge (NL 1mg), a new form of nicotine substitution, by randomised clinical trial. European Respiratory Journal 2001;18(Suppl 33):12s.
2 NRT Davidson 1998 {published data only}
    1. Davidson M, Epstein M, Burt R, Schaefer C, Whitworth G, McDonald A. Efficacy and safety of an over-the-counter transdermal nicotine patch as an aid for smoking cessation. Archives of Family Medicine 1998;7:569-74. - PubMed
2 NRT Etter 2009 {published data only}
    1. Etter JF, Huguelet P, Perneger TV, Cornuz, J. Nicotine gum treatment before smoking cessation: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169:1028-34. - PubMed
2 NRT Fagerström 1982 {published data only}
    1. Fagerström KO. A comparison of psychological and pharmacological treatment in smoking cessation. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1982;5:343-51. - PubMed
    1. Fagerström KO. Tolerance, withdrawal and dependence on tobacco and smoking termination. International Review of Applied Psychology 1983;32:29-52.
2 NRT Fagerström 1984 {published data only}
    1. Fagerström KO. Effects of nicotine chewing gum and follow-up appointments in physician-based smoking cessation. Preventive Medicine 1984;13:517-27. - PubMed
2 NRT Fee 1982 {published data only}
    1. Fee WM, Stewart MJ. A controlled trial of nicotine chewing gum in a smoking withdrawal clinic. Practitioner 1982;226:148-51. - PubMed
2 NRT Fortmann 1995 {published data only}
    1. Fortmann SP, Killen JD. Nicotine gum and self-help behavioral treatment for smoking relapse prevention - resuIts from a trial using population-based recruitment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1995;63:460-8. - PubMed
2 NRT Garcia 1989 {published data only}
    1. Quilez Garcia C, Hernando Arizaleta L, Rubio Diaz A, Estruch Riba J, Fornes Ramis MV. Treatment for smoking with nicotine gum in primary care. A double blind trial [Tratamiento del tabaquismo, con chicle de nicotina, en atencion primaria. Estudio a doble ciego]. Revista Clinica Español 1993;192(4):157-61. - PubMed
    1. Quilez Garcia C, Hernando Arizaleta L, Rubio Diaz A, Granero Fernandez EJ, Vila Coll MA, Estruch Riba JS. Double-blind study of the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum for smoking cessation in the primary care setting [Estudio doble ciego de la eficacia del chicle de nicotina en la deshabituacion tabaquica dentro del ambito de la atencion primaria]. Atencion Primaria 1989;6:719-26. - PubMed
2 NRT Gilbert 1989 {published data only}
    1. Gilbert JR, Wilson DM, Best JA, Taylor DW, Lindsay EA, Singer J, et al. Smoking cessation in primary care. A randomized controlled trial of nicotine-bearing chewing gum. Journal of Family Practice 1989;28:49-55. - PubMed
2 NRT Glavas 2003a {published data only}
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2 NRT Glavas 2003b {published data only}
    1. Glavas D, Rumboldt Z. Smoking cessation using the transdermal nicotine system [Odvikavanje od pusenja transdermalnim nikotinskim sustavom]. Lijecnicki Vjesnik 2003;125(1-2):8-12. - PubMed
2 NRT Glover 2002 {published data only}
    1. Glover E, Glover P, Franzon M, Sullivan R, Cerullo C. Safety and efficacy of a nicotine sublingual tablet for smoking cessation [abstract]. In: Smoke Free 21st Century, 2nd European Conference on Tobacco or Health; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. 1999.
    1. Glover ED, Franzon M, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CL. A nicotine sublingual tablet for treating tobacco dependence [Abstract]. In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 3rd Europe Conference, Paris September 2001. 2001:48.
    1. Glover ED, Glover PN, Franzon M, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CC, Howell RM, et al. A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet and placebo for smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2002;4:441-50. - PubMed
    1. Glover ED, Glover PN, Franzon M, Sullivan R, Sullivan P, Howell R, et al. A nicotine sublingual tablet for smoking cessation: 6-month data [Abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 10th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; Aug 24-28 Beijing, China. 1997.
2 NRT Goldstein 1989 {published data only}
    1. Goldstein MG, Niaura R, Follick MJ, Abrams DB. Effects of behavioral skills training and schedule of nicotine gum administration on smoking cessation. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989;146:56-60. - PubMed
2 NRT Hall 1985 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Tunstall C, Rugg D, Jones R, Benowitz N. Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment in smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1985;53:256-8. - PubMed
2 NRT Hall 1987 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Tunstall CD, Ginsberg D, Benowitz NL, Jones RT. Nicotine gum and behavioral treatment: a placebo controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1987;55:603-5. - PubMed
2 NRT Hall 1996 {published data only}
    1. Hall SM, Muñoz RF, Reus VI, Sees KL, Duncan C, Humfleet GL, et al. Mood management and nicotine gum in smoking treatment - a therapeutic contact and placebo-controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64:1003-9. - PubMed
2 NRT Hand 2002 {published data only}
    1. Hand S, Edwards S, Campbell IA, Cannings R. Controlled trial of three weeks nicotine replacement treatment in hospital patients also given advice and support. Thorax 2002;57:715-8. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Harackiewicz 1988 {published data only}
    1. Harackiewicz JM, Blair LW, Sansone C, Epstein JA, Stuchell RN. Nicotine gum and self-help manuals in smoking cessation: an evaluation in a medical context. Addictive Behaviors 1988;13:319-30. - PubMed
2 NRT Hatsukami 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hatsukami D, Mooney M, Murphy S, LeSage M, Babb D, Hecht S. Effects of high dose transdermal nicotine replacement in cigarette smokers. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 2007;86:132-9. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Hays 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hays JT, Croghan GA, Offord KP, Hurt RD, Schroeder DR, Wolter TD, et al. Over-the-counter nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation: Results from randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and open label trials. American Journal of Public Health 1999;89:1701-7. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hays JT, Croghan GA, Offord KP, Wolter TD, Nides MA, Davidson M. Over-the-Counter (OTC) transdermal nicotine patch therapy [abstract]. Journal of Addictive Diseases 1997;16:136.
    1. Hays JT, Croghan IT, Offord KP, Hurt RD, Schroeder DR, Wolter TD, et al. Over the counter 22mg nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation: results from randomized double-blind placebo-controlled and open label trials. Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 5th Annual Meeting, San Diego (CA) 1999. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Herrera 1995 {published data only}
    1. Herrera N, Franco R, Herrera L, Partidas A, Rolando R, Fagerström KO. Nicotine gum, 2 and 4 mg, for nicotine dependence. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial within a behavior modification support program. Chest 1995;108:447-51. - PubMed
2 NRT Hilleman 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hilleman DE, Mohiuddin SM, Delcore MG. Comparison of fixed-dose transdermal nicotine, tapered-dose transdermal nicotine, and buspirone in smoking cessation. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1994;34(3):222-4. - PubMed
2 NRT Huber 1988 {published data only}
    1. Huber D. Combined and separate treatment effects of nicotine chewing gum and self-control method. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988;21:461-2. - PubMed
2 NRT Hughes 1989 {published data only}
    1. Hughes JR, Gust SW, Keenan RM, Fenwick JW, Healey ML. Nicotine vs placebo gum in general medical practice. JAMA 1989;261:1300-5. - PubMed
2 NRT Hughes 1990 {published data only}
    1. Hughes JR, Gust SW, Keenan RM, Fenwick JW. Effect of dose on nicotine's reinforcing, withdrawal-suppression and self-reported effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1990;252:1175-83. - PubMed
2 NRT Hughes 1991 {published data only}
    1. Hughes JR, Wadland WC, Fenwick JW, Lewis J, Bickel WK. Effect of cost on the self-administration and efficacy of nicotine gum: a preliminary study. Preventive Medicine 1991;20:486-96. - PubMed
2 NRT Hughes 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hughes JR, Lesmes GR, Hatsukami DK, Richmond RL, Lichtenstein E, Jorenby DE, et al. Are higher doses of nicotine replacement more effective for smoking cessation? Nicotine & Tobacco Research 1999;1:169-74. - PubMed
2 NRT Hughes 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hughes JR, Novy P, Hatsukami DK, Jensen J, Callas PW. Efficacy of nicotine patch in smokers with a history of alcoholism. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2003;27:946-54. - PubMed
2 NRT Hurt 1990 {published data only}
    1. Hurt RD, Lauger GG, Offord KP, Kottke TE, Dale LC. Nicotine-replacement therapy with use of a transdermal nicotine patch-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1990;65:1529-37. - PubMed
2 NRT Hurt 1994 {published data only}
    1. Hurt RD, Dale LC, Fredrickson PA, Caldwell CC, Lee GA, Offord KP, et al. Nicotine patch therapy for smoking cessation combined with physician advice and nurse follow-up: One-year outcome and percentage of nicotine replacement. JAMA 1994;271:595-600. - PubMed
2 NRT ICRF 2007 {published data only}
    1. David SP, Munafò MR, Murphy MF, Walton RT, Johnstone EC. The serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and treatment response to nicotine patch: follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9(2):225-31. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Johnstone EC, Yudkin Pl, Hey K, Roberts SJ, Welch SJ, Murphy MF, et al. Genetic variation in dopaminergic pathways and short-term effectiveness of the nicotine patch. Pharmacogenetics 2004;14(2):83-90. - PubMed
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2 NRT Jamrozik 1984 {published data only}
    1. Jamrozik K, Fowler G, Vessey M, Wald N. Placebo controlled trial of nicotine chewing gum in general practice. British Medical Journal 1984;289:794-7. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Jarvis 1982 {published data only}
    1. Jarvis MJ, Raw M, Russell MA, Feyerabend C. Randomised controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum. British Medical Journal 1982;285:537-40. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Jensen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jensen EJ, Schmidt E, Pedersen B, Dahl R. Effect of nicotine, silver acetate, and ordinary chewing gum in combination with group counselling on smoking cessation. Thorax 1990;45:831-4. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jensen EJ, Schmidt E, Pedersen B, Dahl R. Effect on smoking cessation of silver acetate, nicotine and ordinary chewing gum. Influence of smoking history. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991;104:470-4. - PubMed
    1. Jensen EJ, Schmidt E, Pedersen B, Dahl R. The effect of nicotine, silver acetate, and placebo chewing gum on the cessation of smoking. The influence of smoking type and nicotine dependence. International Journal of the Addictions 1991;26:1223-31. - PubMed
2 NRT Jorenby 1995 {published data only}
    1. Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Crogham IT, et al. Varying nicotine patch dose and type of smoking cessation counseling. JAMA 1995;274:1347-52. - PubMed
2 NRT Jorenby 1999 {published data only}
    1. Durcan MJ, White J, Jorenby DE, Fiore MC, Rennard SI, Leischow SJ, et al. Impact of prior nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation efficacy. American Journal of Health Behaviors 2002;26:213-20. - PubMed
    1. Jamerson BD, Nides M, Jorenby DE, Donahue R, Garrett P, Johnston JA, et al. Late-term smoking cessation despite initial failure: an evaluation of bupropion sustained release, nicotine patch, combination therapy, and placebo. Clinical Therapeutics 2001;23:744-52. - PubMed
    1. Jorenby DE, Leischow SJ, Nides MA, Rennard SI, Johnston JA, Hughes AR, et al. A controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;340:685-91. - PubMed
2 NRT Joseph 1996 {published data only}
    1. Joseph AM, Antonnucio DO. Lack of efficacy of transdermal nicotine in smoking cessation. New England Journal of Medicine 1999;341:1157-8. - PubMed
    1. Joseph AM, Norman SM, Ferry LH, Prochazka AV, Westman EC, Steele BG, et al. The safety of transdermal nicotine as an aid to smoking cessation in patients with cardiac disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996;335:1792-8. - PubMed
2 NRT Kalman 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kalman D, Denison H, Penk W, Peer J, Kresman D, Monti P. Early findings from a treatment study of heavy smokers in alcohol recovery (PO2 34). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 7th Annual Meeting March 23-23 Seattle, Washington. 2001:61.
    1. Kalman D, Kahler CW, Garvey AJ, Monti PM. High-dose nicotine patch therapy for smokers with a history of alcohol dependence: 36-week outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2006;30:213-7. - PubMed
    1. Kalman D, Kahler CW, Tirch D, Kaschub C, Penk W, Monti PM. Twelve-week outcomes from an investigation of high-dose nicotine patch therapy for heavy smokers with a past history of alcohol dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 2004;18:78-82. - PubMed
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    1. Kalman D, Tirch D, Penk W, Kaschub C. Preliminary findings from a treatment study of heavy smokers in alcohol recovery: end of treatment outcomes (PO2 38). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 8th Annual Meeting February 20-23 Savannah, Georgia. 2002:58.
2 NRT Killen 1984 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Maccoby N, Taylor CB. Nicotine gum and self-regulation training in smoking relapse prevention. Behavior Therapy 1984;15:234-48.
2 NRT Killen 1990 {published data only}
    1. Fortmann SP, Killen JD, Telch MJ, Newman B. Minimal contact treatment for smoking cessation. A placebo controlled trial of nicotine polacrilex and self-directed relapse prevention: initial results of the Stanford Stop Smoking Project. JAMA 1988;260:1575-80. - PubMed
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2 NRT Killen 1997 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Davis L, Varady A. Nicotine patch and self-help video for cigarette smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1997;65:663-72. - PubMed
2 NRT Killen 1999 {published data only}
    1. Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Davis L, Strausberg L, Varady A. Do heavy smokers benefit from higher dose nicotine patch therapy? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1999;7:226-33. - PubMed
2 NRT Kornitzer 1987 {published data only}
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2 NRT Kornitzer 1995 {published data only}
    1. Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Dramaix M, Thijs J, Gustavsson G. Combined use of nicotine patch and gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled clinical trial. Preventive Medicine 1995;24:41-7. - PubMed
    1. Kornitzer M, Boutsen M, Thijs J, Gustavsson G. Efficiency and safety of combined use of nicotine patches and nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo controlled double-blind trial [abstract]. European Respiratory Journal 1993;6(Suppl 17):630S.
2 NRT Kralikova 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kralikova E, Kozak J, Rasmussen T, Cort N. The clinical benefits of NRT-supported smoking reduction. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2002;4:243.
2 NRT Kralikova 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kralikova E, Kozak JT, Rasmussen T, Gustavsson G, Le Houezec, J. Smoking cessation or reduction with nicotine replacement therapy: a placebo-controlled double blind trial with nicotine gum and inhaler. BMC.Public Health 2009;9:433. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Leischow 1996 {published data only}
    1. Leischow SJ, Nilsson F, Franzon M, Hill A, Otte P, Merikle EP. Efficacy of the nicotine inhaler as an adjunct to smoking cessation. American Journal of Health Behavior 1996;20:364-71.
2 NRT Leischow 1999 {published data only}
    1. Leischow SJ, Muramoto ML, Cook GN, Merikle EP, Castellini SM, Otte PS. OTC nicotine patch: effectiveness alone and with brief physician intervention. American Journal of Health Behavior 1999;23:61-9.
2 NRT Leischow 2004 {published data only}
    1. Leischow SJ, Ranger-Moore J, Muramoto ML, Matthews E. Effectiveness of the nicotine inhaler for smoking cessation in an OTC setting. American Journal of Health Behavior 2004;28:291-301. - PubMed
    1. Leischow SJ, Ranger-Moore J, Muramoto ML, Matthews E. The safety and effectiveness of the nicotine inhaler for smoking cessation in an over-the-counter setting (POS4-78). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 9th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA. 2003:100.
2 NRT Lewis 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lewis SF, Piasecki TM, Fiore MC, Anderson JE, Baker TB. Transdermal nicotine replacement for hospitalized patients: a randomized clinical trial. Preventive Medicine 1998;27(2):296-303. - PubMed
2 NRT Llivina 1988 {published data only}
    1. Salvador Llivina T, Marin Tuya D, Gonzalez Quintana J, Iniesta Torres C, Castellvi Barrera E, Muriana Saez C, et al. Treatment of smoking: efficacy of the use of nicotine chewing gum. Double-blind study [Tratamiento del tabaquismo: eficacia de la utilizacion del chicle de nicotina. Estudio a doble ciego]. Medicina Clinica Barcelona 1988;90:646-50. - PubMed
2 NRT Malcolm 1980 {published data only}
    1. Malcolm RE, Sillett RW, Turner JA, Ball KP. The use of nicotine chewing gum as an aid to stopping smoking. Psychopharmacology Series 1980;70:295-6. - PubMed
2 NRT Marshall 1985 {published data only}
    1. Marshall A, Raw M. Nicotine chewing gum in general practice: effect of follow up appointments. British Medical Journal 1985;290:1397-8. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT McGovern 1992 {published data only}
    1. McGovern PG, Lando HA. An assessment of nicotine gum as an adjunct to Freedom from Smoking cessation clinics. Addictive Behaviors 1992;17:137-47. - PubMed
2 NRT Molyneux 2003 {published data only}
    1. Molyneux A, Lewis S, Leivers U, Anderton A, Antoniak M, Brackenridge A, et al. Clinical trial comparing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) plus brief counselling, brief counselling alone, and minimal intervention on smoking cessation in hospital inpatients. Thorax 2003;58(6):484-8. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Moolchan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Franken FH, Pickworth WB, Epstein DH, Moolchan ET. Smoking rates and topography predict adolescent smoking cessation following treatment with nicotine replacement therapy. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2006;15:154-7. - PubMed
    1. Moolchan ET, Robinson ML, Ernst M, Cadet JL, Pickworth WB, Heishman SJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of the nicotine patch and gum for the treatment of adolescent tobacco addiction. Pediatrics 2005;115(4):e407-e414. - PubMed
    1. Robinson ML, Schroeder JR, Moolchan ET. Adolescent smokers screened for a nicotine replacement treatment trial: Correlates of eligibility and enrollment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8:447-54. - PubMed
2 NRT Mori 1992 {published data only}
    1. Mori T, Shimao T, Yulchiro G, Namiki M, Hyachi T. A clinical trial of nicotine chewing gum for smoking cessation [abstract 428]. 8th World Conference on Tobacco or Health; Buenos Aires, Argentina 1992.
2 NRT Müller 1990 {published data only}
    1. Müller P, Abelin T, Eshram R, Imhof P, Howald H, Mauli D. The use of transdermal nicotine in smoking cessation. Lung 1990;168:445-53. - PubMed
2 NRT Nakamura 1990 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura M, Saito J, Oshima A, Miyamoto M, Matushita A, Endo S. Effect of nicotine chewing gun in smoking cessation classes. In: Durston B, Jamrozik K , editors(s). The Global War. Proceedings of the 7th World Conference on Tobacco and Health; Perth, Western Australia. Perth: Health Department of Western Australia, 1990:665-7.
2 NRT Nebot 1992 {published data only}
    1. Nebot M, Cabezas C. Does nurse counseling or offer of nicotine gum improve the effectiveness of physician smoking-cessation advice? Family Practice Research Journal 1992;12:263-70. - PubMed
2 NRT Niaura 1994 {published data only}
    1. Niaura R, Goldstein MG, Abrams DB. Matching high and low-dependence smokers to self-help treatment with or without nicotine replacement. Preventive Medicine 1994;23:70-7. - PubMed
2 NRT Niaura 1999 {published data only}
    1. Niaura R, Abrams DB, Shadel WG, Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, Sirota AD. Cue exposure treatment for smoking relapse prevention: a controlled clinical trial. Addiction 1999;94(5):685-96. - PubMed
2 NRT Ockene 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Goldberg R, Amick TL, Pekow PS, Hosmer D, et al. Increasing the efficacy of physician-delivered smoking interventions: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1991;6:1-8. - PubMed
    1. Ockene JK, Kristeller J, Pbert L, Hebert JR, Luippold R, Goldberg RJ, et al. The physician-delivered smoking intervention project: can short-term interventions produce long-term effects for a general outpatient population? Health Psychology 1994;13:278-81. - PubMed
2 NRT Oncken 2007 {published data only}
    1. Allen AM, Kleppinger A, Lando H, Oncken C. Effect of nicotine patch on energy intake and weight gain in postmenopausal women during smoking cessation. Eating Behaviors 2013;14(4):420-3. [CENTRAL: 918119] [EMBASE: 2013512499] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kleppinger A, Litt MD, Kenny AM, Oncken CA. Effects of smoking cessation on body composition in postmenopausal women. Journal of Women's Health 2010;19(9):1651-7. [CENTRAL: 793327] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oncken C, Cooney J, Feinn R, Lando H, Kranzler HR. Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women. Addictive Behaviors 2007;32:296-309. - PubMed
    1. Oncken C, Cooney J, Lando H, Feinn R, Kranzler H. Transdermal nicotine for smoking cessation in postmenopausal women (POS1-045). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 11th Annual Meeting, Prague. 2005.
2 NRT Otero 2006 {published data only}
    1. Otero UB, Perez CA, Szklo M, Esteves GA, dePinho MM, Szklo AS, et al. Randomized clinical trial: effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral approach and the use of nicotine replacement transdermal patches for smoking cessation among adults in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [Ensaio clinico randomizado: efetividade da abordagem cognitivo-comportamental e uso de adesivos transdermicos de reposicao de nicotina, na cessacao de fumar, em adultos residentes no Municipio do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil]. Cadernos de Saude Publica 2006;22:439-49. - PubMed
2 NRT Page 1986 {published data only}
    1. Page AR, Walters DJ, Schlegel RP, Best JA. Smoking cessation in family practice: the effects of advice and nicotine chewing gum prescription. Addictive Behaviors 1986;11:443-6. - PubMed
2 NRT Paoletti 1996 {published data only}
    1. Paoletti P, Fornai E, Maggiorelli F, Puntoni R, Viegi G, Carrozzi L, et al. Importance of baseline cotinine plasma values in smoking cessation: results from a double blind study with nicotine patch. European Respiratory Journal 1996;9:643-51. - PubMed
2 NRT Peng 2007 {published data only}
    1. Peng RL, Wang SL. Nicotine sublingual tablet for smoking cessation in 115 cases: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 2007;52:10443-6.
2 NRT Perng 1998 {published data only}
    1. Perng RP, Hsieh WC, Chen YM, Lu CC, Chiang SJ. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1999;159(3SS):A735. - PubMed
    1. Perng RP, Hsieh WC, Chen YM, Lu CC, Chiang SJ. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1998;97:547-51. - PubMed
2 NRT Piper 2007 {published data only}
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Mediators of bupropion treatment effects (PA5-6). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL. 2006:27.
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, McCarthy DE, Bolt DM, Smith SS, Fiore MC, et al. Efficacy of bupropion alone and in combination with nicotine gum. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2007;9:947-54. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Piper ME, Federman EB, Smith SS, Fiore MC, Baker TB. Efficacy of bupropion SR alone and combined with 4-mg gum (PA2-2). In: Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 10th Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ. 2004:18.
2 NRT Puska 1979 {published data only}
    1. Puska P, Bjorkqvist S, Koskela K. Nicotine-containing chewing gum in smoking cessation: a double blind trial with half year follow-up. Addictive Behaviors 1979;4:141-6. - PubMed
2 NRT Richmond 1993 {published data only}
    1. Richmond R, Heather N. General Practitioner interventions for smoking cessation: past results and future prospects. Behaviour Change 1990;7:110-9.
    1. Richmond RL, Makinson RJ, Giugni AA, Webster IW. General Practitioner smoking interventions in Australia: results of studies over the past ten years. In: Durston B, Jamrozik K , editors(s). The Global War: 7th World Conference on Tobacco and Health. Perth, Western Australia. Perth: Health Department of Western Australia, 1990:657-60.
    1. Richmond RL, Makinson RJ, Kehoe LA, Giugni AA, Webster IW. One-year evaluation of three smoking cessation interventions administered by general practitioners. Addictive Behaviors 1993;18:187-99. - PubMed
2 NRT Rose 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Levin ED, Stein RM, Ripka GV. Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1994;56:86-99. - PubMed
    1. Rose JE, Westman EC, Behm FM. Nicotine/mecamylamine combination treatment for smoking cessation [published erratum appears in Drug Development Research 1997;40:215]. Drug Development Research 1996;38:243-256.
2 NRT Rose 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC. Nicotine-mecamylamine treatment for smoking cessation: the role of pre-cessation therapy. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 1998;6:331-43. - PubMed
    1. Rose JE, Westman EC, Behm FM. Nicotine/mecamylamine combination treatment for smoking cessation [published erratum appears in Drug Development Research 1997;40:215]. Drug Development Research 1996;38:243-56.
2 NRT Rose 2006 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, Kukovich P. Precessation treatment with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2006;8:89-101. - PubMed
2 NRT Rose 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rose JE, Herskovic JE, Behm FM, Westman EC. Precessation treatment with nicotine patch significantly increases abstinence rates relative to conventional treatment. Nicotine.and Tobacco.Research 2009;11:1067-75. - PubMed
2 NRT Roto 1987 {published data only}
    1. Roto P, Ojala A, Sundman K, Jokinen K, Peltomakl R. Nicotine gum and withdrawal from smoking. Suomen Laakarllehtl 1987;36:3445-8.
2 NRT Russell 1983 {published data only}
    1. Russell MA, Merriman R, Stapleton J, Taylor W. Effect of nicotine chewing gum as an adjunct to general practitioner's advice against smoking. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.) 1983;287:1782-5. - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Schneider 1985A {published data only}
    1. Jarvik ME, Schneider NG. Degree of addiction and effectiveness of nicotine gum therapy for smoking. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984;141:790-1. - PubMed
    1. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB, Read LL, Elliott ML, Schweiger A. Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addictive Behaviors 1983;8:253-61. - PubMed
    1. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME. Nicotine gum vs. placebo gum: comparisons of withdrawal symptoms and success rates. NIDA Research Monograph 1985;53:83-101. - PubMed
2 NRT Schneider 1985B {published data only}
    1. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME, Forsythe AB, Read LL, Elliott ML, Schweiger A. Nicotine gum in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addictive Behaviors 1983;8:253-61. - PubMed
    1. Schneider NG, Jarvik ME. Nicotine gum vs. placebo gum: comparisons of withdrawal symptoms and success rates. NIDA Research Monograph 1985;53:83-101. - PubMed
2 NRT Schneider 1995 {published data only}
    1. Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Mody FV, Doan K, Franzon M, Jarvik ME, et al. Efficacy of a nicotine nasal spray in smoking cessation: a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Addiction 1995;90:1671-82. - PubMed
2 NRT Schneider 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Nilsson F, Mody FV, Franzon M, Doan K. Efficacy of a nicotine inhaler in smoking cessation: a double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Addiction 1996;91:1293-306. - PubMed
    1. Schneider NG, Olmstead R, Nilsson F, Mody FV, Franzon M, Doan K. Efficacy of a nicotine inhaler in smoking cessation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [abstract]. Addiction 1997;92:630. - PubMed
2 NRT Schnoll 2010 {published data only}
    1. Schnoll RA, Martinez E, Tatum KL, Glass M, Bernath A, Ferris D, et al. Nicotine patch vs. nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation: an effectiveness trial coordinated by the Community Clinical Oncology Program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2010;107:237-43. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schnoll RA, Patterson F, Wileyto EP, Heitjan DF, Shields AE, Asch DA, et al. Effectiveness of extended-duration transdermal nicotine therapy: a randomized trial. Annals.of Internal.Medicine 2010;152:144-51. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Schnoll RA, Wileyto EP, Lerman C. Extended duration therapy with transdermal nicotine may attenuate weight gain following smoking cessation. Addictive Behaviors 2012;37(4):565-8. [CENTRAL: 814662] [EMBASE: 2012097635] [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
2 NRT Schuurmans 04 {published data only}
    1. Schuurmans MM, Diacon AH, Van Biljon X, Bolliger CT. Effect of pre-treatment with nicotine patch on withdrawal symptoms and abstinence rates in smokers subsequently quitting with the nicotine patch: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2004;99:634-40. - PubMed
    1. Schuurmans MM, Diacon AH, Van Biljon X, Westin A, Landfeldt B, Bolliger CT. Effect of pre-treatment with nicotine patch on withdrawal symptoms in smokers subsequently quitting with the nicotine patch: a double-blind randomised controlled trial (www.ersnetsecure.org/public/prg_congres.abstract?ww_i_presentation=6711). In: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress, Stockholm. 2002.
2 NRT Segnan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Segnan N, Ponti A, Battista RN, Senore C, Rosso S, Shapiro SH, et al. A randomized trial of smoking cessation interventions in general practice in Italy. Cancer Causes and Control 1991;2:239-46. - PubMed
    1. Senore C, Battista RN, Ponti A, Segnan N, Shapiro SH, Rosso S, et al. Comparing participants and nonparticipants in a smoking cessation trial: selection factors associated with general practitioner recruitment activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1999;52:83-9. - PubMed
    1. Senore C, Battista RN, Shapiro SH, Segnan N, Ponti A, Rosso S, et al. Predictors of smoking cessation following physicians' counseling. Preventive Medicine 1998;27:412-21. - PubMed
2 NRT Shiffman 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shiffman S, Ferguson SG, Strahs KR. Quitting by gradual smoking reduction using nicotine gum: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;36:96-104. - PubMed
2 NRT Sonderskov 97 {published data only}
    1. Sonderskov J, Olsen J, Meillier L, Overvad OK, Sabroe S. The effect of transdermal nicotine patches in smoking cessation. A randomized trial in pharmacy customers in Denmark. Ugeskrift for Laeger 1999;161:593-7. - PubMed
    1. Sonderskov J, Olsen J, Sabroe S, Meillier L, Overvad K. Nicotine patches in smoking cessation: a randomized trial among over- the-counter customers in Denmark. American Journal of Epidemiology 1997;145:309-18. - PubMed
2 NRT Stapleton 2011 {published data only}
    1. Stapleton JA, Sutherland G. Treating heavy smokers in primary care with the nicotine nasal spray: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Addiction 2011;106:824-32. - PubMed
2 NRT Tønnesen 1988 {published data only}
    1. Tønnesen P, Fryd V, Hansen M, Helsted J, Gunnersen AB, Forchammer H, et al. Effect of nicotine chewing gum in combination with group counseling on the cessation of smoking. New England Journal of Medicine 1988;318:15-8. - PubMed
2 NRT Tønnesen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Tønnesen P, Mikkelsen KL. Smoking cessation with four nicotine replacement regimes in a lung clinic. European Respiratory Journal 2000;16:717-22. - PubMed
2 NRT Tønnesen 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pbert L. Nurse-conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD, using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioral support. Chest 2006;130:314-6. - PubMed
    1. Tønnesen P, Mikkelsen K, Bremann L. Nurse-conducted smoking cessation in patients with COPD using nicotine sublingual tablets and behavioral support. Chest 2006;130:334-42. - PubMed
2 NRT Veaugh‐Geiss 2010 {published data only}
    1. Veaugh-Geiss AM, Chen LH, Kotler ML, Ramsay LR, Durcan MJ. Pharmacokinetic comparison of two nicotine transdermal systems, a 21-mg/24-hour patch and a 25-mg/16-hour patch: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, two-way crossover study in adult smokers. Clinical Therapeutics 2010;32:1140-8. - PubMed
2 NRT Villa 1999 {published data only}
    1. Villa RS, Alvarez AB, Hermida JR. Effectiveness of a multicomponent program to quit smoking with and without nicotine chewing gum [Eficacia de un programa multicomponente para dejar de fumar con y sin chicle de nicotina]. Psicologia Conductual 1999;7:107-18.
2 NRT Westman 1993 {published data only}
    1. Westman EC, Levin ED, Rose JE. The nicotine patch in smoking cessation. A randomized trial with telephone counseling. Archives of Internal Medicine 1993;153:1917-23. - PubMed
2 NRT Wisborg 2000 {published data only}
    1. Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, Jespersen LB, Secher NJ. Nicotine patches for pregnant smokers: a randomized controlled study. Obstetrics & Gynecology 2000;96(6):967-71. - PubMed
2 NRT Wong 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wong GY, Wolter TD, Croghan GA, Croghan IT, Offord KP, Hurt RD. A randomized trial of naltrexone for smoking cessation. Addiction 1999;94:1227-37. - PubMed
2 NRT Zelman 1992 {published data only}
    1. Zelman DC, Brandon TH, Jorenby DE, Baker TB. Measures of affect and nicotine dependence predict differential response to smoking cessation treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992;60:943-52. - PubMed
2 Prapavessis 2016 {published data only}
    1. Prapavessis H, De Jesus S, Fitzgeorge L, Faulkner G, Maddison R, Batten S. Exercise to enhance smoking cessation: the Getting Physical on Cigarette randomized control trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2016;50(3):358-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12160-015-9761-9] - DOI - PubMed
2 Urdapilleta‐Herrera 2013 {published data only}
    1. Urdapilleta-Herrera E, Piña-Rosales MF, Vargas-Rojas, MI, Ramírez-Venegas A, Sansores-Martínez R. Bupropion together with cognitive-conductual therapy (CBT) is an alternative for a long-term abstinence of smoking. In: European Respiratory Society Annual Congress; 2013 09 07-11; Barcelona. 2013.
2 VA Carson 2010 {published data only}
    1. Carson KV, Brinn MP, Smith BJ, Garside CG, Goldsworthy SJ, Fitridge RA, Esterman, et al. Varenicline tartrate and counselling versus counselling alone in a randomised controlled trial for inpatient smoking cessation: 3 month interim results [abstract]. Respirology 2010;15:p. A30.
2 VA Hajek 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hajek P, McRobbie HJ, Myers KE, Stapleton J, Dhanji AR. Use of varenicline for 4 weeks before quitting smoking: decrease in ad lib smoking and increase in smoking cessation rates. Archives.of Internal.Medicine 2011;171:770-7. - PubMed
2 VA Tsukahara 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tsukahara H, Noda K, Saku K. A randomized controlled open comparative trial of varenicline vs nicotine patch in adult smokers: efficacy, safety and withdrawal symptoms (the VN-SEESAW study). Circulation 2010;74:771-8. - PubMed
2 VA Williams 2007 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Reeves K, Watsky E, Williams K, Azoulay S, Billing B, Gong J. The safety of varenicline taken for 52 weeks for smoking cessation. In: [RPOS3-54]. 2008.
    1. Williams KE, Reeves KR, Billing CB, Pennington AM, Gong J. A double-blind study evaluating the long-term safety of varenicline for smoking cessation. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007;23(4):793-801. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

1 Komiyama 2018 {published data only}
    1. Komiyama M, Ozaki Y, Wada H, Yamakage H, Satoh-Asahara N, Morimoto T, et al. The effects of dietary instruction on cardiovascular risk markers after smoking cessation: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial in Japan. Trials 2018;19(1):538. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2919-6] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1 NCT01892813 2013 {published data only}
    1. NCT01892813. Dissemination of a tailored tobacco quitline for rural veteran smokers. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01892813 (first received 4 July 2013).
1 NCT02424188 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02424188. Trial of integrated smoking cessation, exercise and weight management in serious mental illness: TRIUMPH. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02424188 (first received 22 April 2015).
1 NCT02906787 2016 {published data only}
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1 NCT03204396 2017 {published data only}
    1. NCT03204396. Smoking cessation facilitated by glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues (SKIP). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03204396 (first received 2 July 2020).
1 NCT03712098 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03712098. Daily liraglutide for nicotine dependence. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03712098 (first received 19 October 2018).
1 NCT04130698 2019 {published data only}
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1 NCT04332029 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT04332029. Smoking cessation treatment for smokers with obesity. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04332029 (first received 2 April 2020).
1 RBR‐682px9 2018 {published data only}
    1. RBR-682px9. Evaluation of the effect of dietary control in the treatment of female smokers. ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-682px9 (first received 5 September 2018).
1 Salgado Garcia 2018 {published data only}
    1. Salgado García FI, Derefinko KJ, Bursac Z, Klesges RC, Ebbert JO, Womack CR, et al. Fit & quit: an efficacy trial of two behavioral post-cessation weight gain interventions. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2019;76:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.11.009] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Berlin 2019 {published data only}
    1. Berlin I, Dautzenberg B, Lehmann B, Palmyre J, Liégey E, De Rycke Y, et al. Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, double-dummy, multicentre trial comparing electronic cigarettes with nicotine to varenicline and to electronic cigarettes without nicotine: the ECSMOKE trial protocol. BMJ open 2019;9(5):e028832. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028832] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Caponnetto 2019 {published data only}
    1. Caponnetto P, Maglia M, Polosa R. Efficacy of smoking cessation with varenicline plus counselling for e-cigarettes users (VAREVAPE): a protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials communications 2019;15:100412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100412] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Cinciripini 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cinciripini PM. Combining varenicline and bupropion for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/NCT00943618 (first received 22 July 2009).
2 Hebert‐Losier 2020 {published data only}
    1. Hébert-Losier A, Filion KB, Windle SB, Eisenberg MJ. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of e-cigarette use for smoking cessation in the general population: E3 Trial Design. CJC Open 2020;2(3):168–75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.03.006] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 ISRCTN34399445 2020 {published data only}ISRCTN34399445
    1. ISRCTN34399445. Smoking cessation support for people with severe mental illness in South Asia. isrctn.com/ISRCTN34399445 (first received 11 December 2019).
2 NCT02106637 2014 {published data only}
    1. NCT02106637. Early In-hospital Initiation of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, concomitant with nurse-led support, in patients after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02106637 (first received 8 April 2014).
2 NCT02162849 2015 {published data only}
    1. NCT02162849. Reward sensitivity and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02162849 (first received 14 June 2014).
2 NCT03722966 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03722966. Effectiveness of combination varenicline and oral nicotine replacement therapy (COMBO). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03722966 (first received 29 October 2018).
2 NCT04088942 2019 {published data only}
    1. Saeed MI, Sivapalan P, Eklöf J, Ulrik CS, Pisinger C, Lapperre T, et al. TOB-STOP-COP (TOBacco STOP in COPd trial): study protocol-a randomized open-label, superiority, multicenter, two-arm intervention study of the effect of "high-intensity" vs. "low-intensity" smoking cessation intervention in active smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Trials 2020;21(1):730. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04653-z] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
2 Roelsgaard 2017 {published data only}
    1. Roelsgaard IK, Thomsen T, Østergaard M, Christensen R, Hetland ML, Jacobsen S, et al. The effect of an intensive smoking cessation intervention on disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2017;18(1):570. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-017-2309-5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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