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Review
. 2021 Oct;11(10):453.
doi: 10.1007/s13205-021-02999-y. Epub 2021 Oct 1.

Expanding the bio-catalysis scope and applied perspectives of nanocarrier immobilized asparaginases

Hamza Rafeeq  1 , Asim Hussain  1 , Muhammad Haseeb Anwar Tarar  2 , Nadia Afsheen  1 , Muhammad Bilal  3 , Hafiz M N Iqbal  4
Affiliations
Review

Expanding the bio-catalysis scope and applied perspectives of nanocarrier immobilized asparaginases

Hamza Rafeeq et al. 3 Biotech. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

l-asparaginase is an essential enzyme in medicine and a well-known chemotherapeutic agent. This enzyme's importance is not limited to its use as an anti-cancer agent; it also has a wide variety of medicinal applications. Antimicrobial properties, prevention of infectious disorders, autoimmune diseases, and canine and feline cancer are among the applications. Apart from the healthcare industry, its importance has been identified in the food industry as a food manufacturing agent to lower acrylamide levels. When isolated from their natural habitats, they are especially susceptible to different denaturing conditions due to their protein composition. The use of an immobilization technique is one of the most common approaches suggested to address these limitations. Immobilization is a technique that involves fixing enzymes to or inside stable supports, resulting in a heterogeneous immobilized enzyme framework. Strong support structures usually stabilize the enzymes' configuration, and their functions are maintained as a result. In recent years, there has been a lot of curiosity and focus on the ability of immobilized enzymes. The nanomaterials with ideal properties can be used to immobilize enzymes to regulate key factors that determine the efficacy of bio-catalysis. With applications in biotechnology, immunosensing, biomedicine, and nanotechnology sectors have opened a realm of opportunities for enzyme immobilization.

Keywords: Applications; Asparaginase; Biocatalysis; Immobilization; Nanocarriers.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe author(s) declare no conflicting interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
l-asparaginase hydrolyzes asparagine to aspartic acid, thus preventing feeding of asparagine to tumor cells and formation of acrylamide in heat-processed foods. Reprinted from Qeshmi et al. (2018) with permission from Elsevier. License Number: 5121780717424
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Strategies for l-asparaginase confinement and its potential applications in sensing, food and pharmaceutical sectors. Reprinted from Nunes et al. (2020) with permission under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution (CC BY) license
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
asparaginase role in food industry. Reprinted from da Cunha et al. (2019) with permission from Elsevier. License Number: 5121780884450
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Potential applications of asparaginases
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Essential features of support materials to be taken into account for designing an immobilization approach
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Immobilization of l-ASNase onto the magnetic Fe3O4–chitosan core–shell particles. Reprinted from Ates et al. (2018) with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry. This Open Access Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 Unported Licence
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Schematic illustration of the formation of the GNPsePEG-RGD-asparaginase (conjugate) and cellular uptake. Reprinted from Al-Dulimi et al. (2020); this is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Immobilization of asparaginase on graphene oxide. Reproduced from Monajati et al. (2018) with permission from Elsevier. License Number: 5121781311571
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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