doi: 10.1126/science.abi5658.
Epub 2021 Oct 7.
Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution
Arthur Kocher
1
2
3
, Luka Papac
2
3
, Rodrigo Barquera
2
3
, Felix M Key
2
4
, Maria A Spyrou
2
3
5
, Ron Hübler
2
, Adam B Rohrlach
2
3
6
, Franziska Aron
2
, Raphaela Stahl
2
, Antje Wissgott
2
, Florian van Bömmel
7
, Maria Pfefferkorn
7
, Alissa Mittnik
2
8
9
, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
2
10
, Gunnar U Neumann
2
3
, Maïté Rivollat
2
11
, Marieke S van de Loosdrecht
2
, Kerttu Majander
2
12
, Rezeda I Tukhbatova
2
13
, Lyazzat Musralina
2
3
14
15
, Ayshin Ghalichi
2
3
, Sandra Penske
2
3
, Susanna Sabin
2
, Megan Michel
2
3
9
, Joscha Gretzinger
2
3
, Elizabeth A Nelson
2
, Tiago Ferraz
2
16
, Kathrin Nägele
2
3
, Cody Parker
2
17
, Marcel Keller
2
18
, Evelyn K Guevara
2
19
, Michal Feldman
2
5
, Stefanie Eisenmann
2
3
, Eirini Skourtanioti
2
3
, Karen Giffin
2
3
, Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
2
3
, Susanne Friederich
20
, Vittoria Schimmenti
21
, Valery Khartanovich
22
, Marina K Karapetian
23
, Mikhail S Chaplygin
24
, Vladimir V Kufterin
25
, Aleksandr A Khokhlov
26
, Andrey A Chizhevsky
27
, Dmitry A Stashenkov
28
, Anna F Kochkina
28
, Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez
29
, Íñigo García-Martínez de Lagrán
30
, Héctor Arcusa-Magallón
31
, Rafael Garrido-Pena
32
, José Ignacio Royo-Guillén
33
, Jan Nováček
34
35
, Stéphane Rottier
11
, Sacha Kacki
11
36
, Sylvie Saintot
37
, Elena Kaverzneva
38
, Andrej B Belinskiy
39
, Petr Velemínský
40
, Petr Limburský
41
, Michal Kostka
42
, Louise Loe
43
, Elizabeth Popescu
44
, Rachel Clarke
44
, Alice Lyons
44
, Richard Mortimer
44
, Antti Sajantila
19
45
, Yadira Chinique de Armas
46
, Silvia Teresita Hernandez Godoy
47
48
, Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
49
50
, Jessica Pearson
51
, Didier Binder
52
, Philippe Lefranc
53
, Anatoly R Kantorovich
54
, Vladimir E Maslov
55
, Luca Lai
56
57
, Magdalena Zoledziewska
58
, Jessica F Beckett
59
, Michaela Langová
41
, Alžběta Danielisová
41
, Tara Ingman
60
, Gabriel García Atiénzar
61
, Maria Paz de Miguel Ibáñez
61
, Alejandro Romero
61
62
, Alessandra Sperduti
63
64
, Sophie Beckett
65
66
67
, Susannah J Salter
65
68
, Emma D Zilivinskaya
25
, Dmitry V Vasil'ev
69
, Kristin von Heyking
70
, Richard L Burger
71
, Lucy C Salazar
71
, Luc Amkreutz
72
, Masnav Navruzbekov
73
, Eva Rosenstock
74
, Carmen Alonso-Fernández
75
, Vladimir Slavchev
76
, Alexey A Kalmykov
39
, Biaslan Ch Atabiev
77
, Elena Batieva
78
, Micaela Alvarez Calmet
79
, Bastien Llamas
80
81
82
, Michael Schultz
83
84
, Raiko Krauß
85
, Javier Jiménez-Echevarría
75
, Michael Francken
86
, Svetlana Shnaider
87
, Peter de Knijff
88
, Eveline Altena
88
, Katrien Van de Vijver
89
90
91
, Lars Fehren-Schmitz
92
93
, Tiffiny A Tung
94
, Sandra Lösch
95
, Maria Dobrovolskaya
55
, Nikolaj Makarov
55
, Chris Read
96
, Melanie Van Twest
65
, Claudia Sagona
97
, Peter C Ramsl
98
, Murat Akar
99
, K Aslihan Yener
100
, Eduardo Carmona Ballestero
101
102
, Francesco Cucca
58
103
, Vittorio Mazzarello
103
, Pilar Utrilla
104
, Kurt Rademaker
105
, Eva Fernández-Domínguez
36
, Douglas Baird
51
, Patrick Semal
89
, Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
106
, Mirjana Roksandic
46
107
108
, Hubert Steiner
109
, Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
110
111
112
, Natalia Shishlina
22
38
, Yilmaz Selim Erdal
113
, Fredrik Hallgren
114
, Yavor Boyadzhiev
115
, Kamen Boyadzhiev
115
, Mario Küßner
34
, Duncan Sayer
116
, Päivi Onkamo
117
118
, Robin Skeates
36
, Manuel Rojo-Guerra
29
, Alexandra Buzhilova
23
, Elmira Khussainova
15
, Leyla B Djansugurova
15
, Arman Z Beisenov
119
, Zainolla Samashev
120
121
, Ken Massy
122
, Marcello Mannino
123
124
, Vyacheslav Moiseyev
22
, Kristiina Mannermaa
125
, Oleg Balanovsky
126
127
128
, Marie-France Deguilloux
11
, Sabine Reinhold
129
, Svend Hansen
129
, Egor P Kitov
25
119
, Miroslav Dobeš
41
, Michal Ernée
41
, Harald Meller
20
, Kurt W Alt
130
131
132
, Kay Prüfer
2
3
, Christina Warinner
2
3
133
, Stephan Schiffels
2
3
, Philipp W Stockhammer
2
3
122
, Kirsten Bos
2
3
, Cosimo Posth
2
5
, Alexander Herbig
2
3
, Wolfgang Haak
2
3
134
, Johannes Krause
2
3
, Denise Kühnert
1
2
3
135
Affiliations
Affiliations
- 1 Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- 2 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- 3 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- 4 Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- 5 Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
- 6 ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 7 Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
- 8 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 9 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 10 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- 11 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France.
- 12 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
- 13 Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
- 14 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 15 Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 16 Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- 17 Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe Arizona, USA.
- 18 Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 19 Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 20 State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany.
- 21 Museo Archeologico Regionale "Antonino Salinas", 90133 Palermo, Italy.
- 22 Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 23 Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- 24 Sterlitamak Museum of Local History, Sterlitamak, Russia.
- 25 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- 26 Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
- 27 Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia.
- 28 Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia.
- 29 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain.
- 30 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
- 31 Private Technical Archaeologist, 50196 La Muela, Spain.
- 32 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
- 33 Technical Archaeologist, Government of Aragón, Spain.
- 34 Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany.
- 35 University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
- 36 Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK.
- 37 INRAP, ARAR UMR 5138, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France.
- 38 State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia.
- 39 Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, 355006 Stavropol, Russia.
- 40 Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 41 Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 42 The City of Prague Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 43 Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK.
- 44 Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK.
- 45 Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
- 46 Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- 47 Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo, Dirección Provincial de Cultura, Matanzas, Cuba.
- 48 Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba.
- 49 Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 50 Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 51 Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK.
- 52 Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM UMR 7264, Nice, France.
- 53 Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Archimède UMR 7044, Strasbourg, France.
- 54 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia.
- 55 Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia.
- 56 Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- 57 Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
- 58 Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica-CNR, Monserrato, Italy.
- 59 Private contractor, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
- 60 Koç University, Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul 34433, Turkey.
- 61 Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
- 62 Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
- 63 Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of Civilizations, Rome, Italy.
- 64 Dipartimento Asia Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli, Italy.
- 65 Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.
- 66 Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.
- 67 Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
- 68 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
- 69 Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia.
- 70 SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, 80333 Munich, Germany.
- 71 Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- 72 National Museum of Antiquities, 2301 EC Leiden, Netherlands.
- 73 Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
- 74 Freie Universität Berlin, Einstein Center Chronoi, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- 75 Cronos S.C. Arqueología y Patrimonio, Burgos, Spain.
- 76 Regional Historical Museum Varna, Varna, BG-9000, Bulgaria.
- 77 Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, 361401 Nalchik, Republic Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia.
- 78 Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov 346780, Russia.
- 79 Museo de Sitio Pucllana, s/n Miraflores, 18 Lima, Peru.
- 80 Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 81 Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 82 National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
- 83 University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
- 84 Institute of Biology, University of Hildeshein, Germany.
- 85 Institute for Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
- 86 State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany.
- 87 ArchaeoZoology in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 88 Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands.
- 89 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
- 90 Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.
- 91 Dienst Archeologie-Stad Mechelen, Belgium.
- 92 UCSC Paleogenomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- 93 UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- 94 Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- 95 Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- 96 Applied Archaeology School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland.
- 97 School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
- 98 Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria.
- 99 Department of Archaeology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay 31060, Turkey.
- 100 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY 10028, USA.
- 101 Territorial Service of Culture and Tourism from Valladolid, Castilla y León Regional Government, C/ San Lorenzo, 5, 47001, Valladolid, Spain.
- 102 Department of History, Geography and Comunication, University of Burgos, Paseo de Comendadores, s/n 09001 Burgos (Burgos), Spain.
- 103 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
- 104 Área de Prehistoria, P3A DGA Research Group, IPH, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- 105 Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- 106 Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 107 Caribbean Research Institute, Univeristy of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- 108 DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- 109 South Tyrol Provincial Heritage Service, South Tyrol, Italy.
- 110 Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.
- 111 Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.
- 112 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 113 Human_G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
- 114 The Cultural Heritage Foundation, 722 12 Västerås, Sweden.
- 115 National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria.
- 116 School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- 117 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 118 Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.
- 119 Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 120 Branch of Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, 24 of 511 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
- 121 State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan.
- 122 Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- 123 Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark.
- 124 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig Germany.
- 125 Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 126 Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
- 127 Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.
- 128 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
- 129 Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- 130 Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, A - 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.
- 131 Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- 132 Department of Biomedical Engineering (DBE), Universitätsspital Basel (HFZ), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
- 133 Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 134 School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- 135 European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany.
- PMID: 34618559
- DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658
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Ten millennia of hepatitis B virus evolution
Arthur Kocher et al.
Science.
.
Display options
Format
doi: 10.1126/science.abi5658.
Epub 2021 Oct 7.
Authors
Arthur Kocher
1
2
3
, Luka Papac
2
3
, Rodrigo Barquera
2
3
, Felix M Key
2
4
, Maria A Spyrou
2
3
5
, Ron Hübler
2
, Adam B Rohrlach
2
3
6
, Franziska Aron
2
, Raphaela Stahl
2
, Antje Wissgott
2
, Florian van Bömmel
7
, Maria Pfefferkorn
7
, Alissa Mittnik
2
8
9
, Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
2
10
, Gunnar U Neumann
2
3
, Maïté Rivollat
2
11
, Marieke S van de Loosdrecht
2
, Kerttu Majander
2
12
, Rezeda I Tukhbatova
2
13
, Lyazzat Musralina
2
3
14
15
, Ayshin Ghalichi
2
3
, Sandra Penske
2
3
, Susanna Sabin
2
, Megan Michel
2
3
9
, Joscha Gretzinger
2
3
, Elizabeth A Nelson
2
, Tiago Ferraz
2
16
, Kathrin Nägele
2
3
, Cody Parker
2
17
, Marcel Keller
2
18
, Evelyn K Guevara
2
19
, Michal Feldman
2
5
, Stefanie Eisenmann
2
3
, Eirini Skourtanioti
2
3
, Karen Giffin
2
3
, Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone
2
3
, Susanne Friederich
20
, Vittoria Schimmenti
21
, Valery Khartanovich
22
, Marina K Karapetian
23
, Mikhail S Chaplygin
24
, Vladimir V Kufterin
25
, Aleksandr A Khokhlov
26
, Andrey A Chizhevsky
27
, Dmitry A Stashenkov
28
, Anna F Kochkina
28
, Cristina Tejedor-Rodríguez
29
, Íñigo García-Martínez de Lagrán
30
, Héctor Arcusa-Magallón
31
, Rafael Garrido-Pena
32
, José Ignacio Royo-Guillén
33
, Jan Nováček
34
35
, Stéphane Rottier
11
, Sacha Kacki
11
36
, Sylvie Saintot
37
, Elena Kaverzneva
38
, Andrej B Belinskiy
39
, Petr Velemínský
40
, Petr Limburský
41
, Michal Kostka
42
, Louise Loe
43
, Elizabeth Popescu
44
, Rachel Clarke
44
, Alice Lyons
44
, Richard Mortimer
44
, Antti Sajantila
19
45
, Yadira Chinique de Armas
46
, Silvia Teresita Hernandez Godoy
47
48
, Diana I Hernández-Zaragoza
49
50
, Jessica Pearson
51
, Didier Binder
52
, Philippe Lefranc
53
, Anatoly R Kantorovich
54
, Vladimir E Maslov
55
, Luca Lai
56
57
, Magdalena Zoledziewska
58
, Jessica F Beckett
59
, Michaela Langová
41
, Alžběta Danielisová
41
, Tara Ingman
60
, Gabriel García Atiénzar
61
, Maria Paz de Miguel Ibáñez
61
, Alejandro Romero
61
62
, Alessandra Sperduti
63
64
, Sophie Beckett
65
66
67
, Susannah J Salter
65
68
, Emma D Zilivinskaya
25
, Dmitry V Vasil'ev
69
, Kristin von Heyking
70
, Richard L Burger
71
, Lucy C Salazar
71
, Luc Amkreutz
72
, Masnav Navruzbekov
73
, Eva Rosenstock
74
, Carmen Alonso-Fernández
75
, Vladimir Slavchev
76
, Alexey A Kalmykov
39
, Biaslan Ch Atabiev
77
, Elena Batieva
78
, Micaela Alvarez Calmet
79
, Bastien Llamas
80
81
82
, Michael Schultz
83
84
, Raiko Krauß
85
, Javier Jiménez-Echevarría
75
, Michael Francken
86
, Svetlana Shnaider
87
, Peter de Knijff
88
, Eveline Altena
88
, Katrien Van de Vijver
89
90
91
, Lars Fehren-Schmitz
92
93
, Tiffiny A Tung
94
, Sandra Lösch
95
, Maria Dobrovolskaya
55
, Nikolaj Makarov
55
, Chris Read
96
, Melanie Van Twest
65
, Claudia Sagona
97
, Peter C Ramsl
98
, Murat Akar
99
, K Aslihan Yener
100
, Eduardo Carmona Ballestero
101
102
, Francesco Cucca
58
103
, Vittorio Mazzarello
103
, Pilar Utrilla
104
, Kurt Rademaker
105
, Eva Fernández-Domínguez
36
, Douglas Baird
51
, Patrick Semal
89
, Lourdes Márquez-Morfín
106
, Mirjana Roksandic
46
107
108
, Hubert Steiner
109
, Domingo Carlos Salazar-García
110
111
112
, Natalia Shishlina
22
38
, Yilmaz Selim Erdal
113
, Fredrik Hallgren
114
, Yavor Boyadzhiev
115
, Kamen Boyadzhiev
115
, Mario Küßner
34
, Duncan Sayer
116
, Päivi Onkamo
117
118
, Robin Skeates
36
, Manuel Rojo-Guerra
29
, Alexandra Buzhilova
23
, Elmira Khussainova
15
, Leyla B Djansugurova
15
, Arman Z Beisenov
119
, Zainolla Samashev
120
121
, Ken Massy
122
, Marcello Mannino
123
124
, Vyacheslav Moiseyev
22
, Kristiina Mannermaa
125
, Oleg Balanovsky
126
127
128
, Marie-France Deguilloux
11
, Sabine Reinhold
129
, Svend Hansen
129
, Egor P Kitov
25
119
, Miroslav Dobeš
41
, Michal Ernée
41
, Harald Meller
20
, Kurt W Alt
130
131
132
, Kay Prüfer
2
3
, Christina Warinner
2
3
133
, Stephan Schiffels
2
3
, Philipp W Stockhammer
2
3
122
, Kirsten Bos
2
3
, Cosimo Posth
2
5
, Alexander Herbig
2
3
, Wolfgang Haak
2
3
134
, Johannes Krause
2
3
, Denise Kühnert
1
2
3
135
Affiliations
- 1 Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- 2 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.
- 3 Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
- 4 Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- 5 Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics group, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
- 6 ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 7 Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
- 8 Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- 9 Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 10 Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- 11 Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, PACEA UMR 5199, Pessac, France.
- 12 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine (IEM), University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
- 13 Laboratory of Structural Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.
- 14 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 15 Institute of Genetics and Physiology, 050060 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 16 Departmento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- 17 Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe Arizona, USA.
- 18 Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
- 19 Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- 20 State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology Saxony-Anhalt and State Museum of Prehistory, D-06114 Halle, Germany.
- 21 Museo Archeologico Regionale "Antonino Salinas", 90133 Palermo, Italy.
- 22 Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 23 Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- 24 Sterlitamak Museum of Local History, Sterlitamak, Russia.
- 25 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- 26 Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia.
- 27 Institute of Archaeology named after A. Kh. Khalikov, Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia.
- 28 Samara Museum for Historical and Regional Studies named after P. V. Alabin, Samara, Russia.
- 29 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Valladolid, Spain.
- 30 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, National Distance Education University (UNED), Madrid, Spain.
- 31 Private Technical Archaeologist, 50196 La Muela, Spain.
- 32 Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
- 33 Technical Archaeologist, Government of Aragón, Spain.
- 34 Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423 Weimar, Germany.
- 35 University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
- 36 Department of Archaeology, Durham University, South Road, Durham. DH1 3LE. UK.
- 37 INRAP, ARAR UMR 5138, Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, Lyon, France.
- 38 State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia.
- 39 Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, 355006 Stavropol, Russia.
- 40 Department of Anthropology, The National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 41 Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 42 The City of Prague Museum, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 43 Oxford Archaeology South, Janus House, Osney Mead, Oxford, OX2 0ES, UK.
- 44 Oxford Archaeology East, Bar Hill, Cambridge, CB23 8SQ, UK.
- 45 Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
- 46 Department of Anthropology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- 47 Grupo de Investigación y Desarrollo, Dirección Provincial de Cultura, Matanzas, Cuba.
- 48 Universidad de Matanzas, Matanzas, Cuba.
- 49 Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 50 Immunogenetics Unit, Técnicas Genéticas Aplicadas a la Clínica (TGAC), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 51 Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK.
- 52 Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM UMR 7264, Nice, France.
- 53 Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Archimède UMR 7044, Strasbourg, France.
- 54 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia.
- 55 Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, , Moscow 117292, Russia.
- 56 Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
- 57 Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA.
- 58 Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica-CNR, Monserrato, Italy.
- 59 Private contractor, Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy.
- 60 Koç University, Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul 34433, Turkey.
- 61 Institute for Research in Archaeology and Historical Heritage (INAPH), University of Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
- 62 Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain.
- 63 Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of Civilizations, Rome, Italy.
- 64 Dipartimento Asia Africa e Mediterraneo, Università di Napoli L'Orientale, Napoli, Italy.
- 65 Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project, Old Village Hall, Sedgeford, Hunstanton PE36 5LS, UK.
- 66 Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia.
- 67 Cranfield Forensic Institute, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, College Road, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK.
- 68 Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
- 69 Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russia.
- 70 SNSB, State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, 80333 Munich, Germany.
- 71 Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
- 72 National Museum of Antiquities, 2301 EC Leiden, Netherlands.
- 73 Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
- 74 Freie Universität Berlin, Einstein Center Chronoi, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- 75 Cronos S.C. Arqueología y Patrimonio, Burgos, Spain.
- 76 Regional Historical Museum Varna, Varna, BG-9000, Bulgaria.
- 77 Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, 361401 Nalchik, Republic Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia.
- 78 Azov History, Archaeology and Palaeontology Museum-Reserve, Azov 346780, Russia.
- 79 Museo de Sitio Pucllana, s/n Miraflores, 18 Lima, Peru.
- 80 Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, Adelaide University, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 81 Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
- 82 National Centre for Indigenous Genomics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
- 83 University Medical School Göttingen, Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
- 84 Institute of Biology, University of Hildeshein, Germany.
- 85 Institute for Prehistory, Early History and Medieval Archaeology, University of Tübingen, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
- 86 State Office for Cultural Heritage Baden-Württemberg, 78467 Konstanz, Germany.
- 87 ArchaeoZoology in Siberia and Central Asia-ZooSCAn, CNRS-IAET SB RAS International Research Laboratory, IRL 2013, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 88 Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZC, Netherlands.
- 89 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium.
- 90 Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.
- 91 Dienst Archeologie-Stad Mechelen, Belgium.
- 92 UCSC Paleogenomics Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- 93 UCSC Genomics Institute, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
- 94 Department of Anthropology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
- 95 Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- 96 Applied Archaeology School of Science, Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland.
- 97 School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
- 98 Institute of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Austria.
- 99 Department of Archaeology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Alahan-Antakya, Hatay 31060, Turkey.
- 100 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World (ISAW), New York University, New York, NY 10028, USA.
- 101 Territorial Service of Culture and Tourism from Valladolid, Castilla y León Regional Government, C/ San Lorenzo, 5, 47001, Valladolid, Spain.
- 102 Department of History, Geography and Comunication, University of Burgos, Paseo de Comendadores, s/n 09001 Burgos (Burgos), Spain.
- 103 Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
- 104 Área de Prehistoria, P3A DGA Research Group, IPH, University of Zaragoza, C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- 105 Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- 106 Osteology Laboratory, Post Graduate Studies Division, Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH), Mexico City, Mexico.
- 107 Caribbean Research Institute, Univeristy of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- 108 DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- 109 South Tyrol Provincial Heritage Service, South Tyrol, Italy.
- 110 Grupo de Investigación en Prehistoria IT-1223-19 (UPV-EHU)/IKERBASQUE-Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain.
- 111 Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, València, Spain.
- 112 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 113 Human_G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
- 114 The Cultural Heritage Foundation, 722 12 Västerås, Sweden.
- 115 National Archaeological Institute with Museum at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria.
- 116 School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
- 117 Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 118 Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland.
- 119 Institute of archaeology named after A. Kh. Margulan, 44 Almaty, Kazakhstan.
- 120 Branch of Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, 24 of 511 Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
- 121 State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Berel," Katon-Karagay district, East Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan.
- 122 Institut für Vor- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie und Provinzialrömische Archäologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- 123 Department of Archeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, 8270 Højbjerg, Denmark.
- 124 Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig Germany.
- 125 Department of Cultures, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
- 126 Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
- 127 Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.
- 128 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
- 129 Eurasia Department, German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany.
- 130 Danube Private University, Center of Natural and Cultural Human History, A - 3500 Krems-Stein, Austria.
- 131 Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Spalenring 145, CH-4055 Basel, Switzerland.
- 132 Department of Biomedical Engineering (DBE), Universitätsspital Basel (HFZ), CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
- 133 Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
- 134 School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
- 135 European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany.
- PMID: 34618559
- DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5658
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been infecting humans for millennia and remains a global health problem, but its past diversity and dispersal routes are largely unknown. We generated HBV genomic data from 137 Eurasians and Native Americans dated between ~10,500 and ~400 years ago. We date the most recent common ancestor of all HBV lineages to between ~20,000 and 12,000 years ago, with the virus present in European and South American hunter-gatherers during the early Holocene. After the European Neolithic transition, Mesolithic HBV strains were replaced by a lineage likely disseminated by early farmers that prevailed throughout western Eurasia for ~4000 years, declining around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. The only remnant of this prehistoric HBV diversity is the rare genotype G, which appears to have reemerged during the HIV pandemic.
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