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Review
. 2021 Sep 28:2021:4539453.
doi: 10.1155/2021/4539453. eCollection 2021.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Potential Agents in Hematological Diseases

Min Shen  1 , Tong Chen  1
Affiliations
Review

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Potential Agents in Hematological Diseases

Min Shen et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. .

Retraction in

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most exploited stem cells with multilineage differentiation potential and immunomodulatory properties. Numerous lines of findings have reported their successful applications in a multitude of inflammatory conditions and immune disorders. However, it is currently discovered that these effects are mainly mediated in a paracrine manner by MSC-exosomes. Moreover, MSC-exosomes have been implicated in a wide variety of biological responses including immunomodulation, oxidative stress, tumor progression, and tissue regeneration. Meanwhile, they are reported to actively participate in various hematological diseases by the means of transferring different types of exosomal components to the target cells. Therefore, in this review, we briefly discuss the sources and biological features of MSCs and then illustrate the biogenesis and biological processes of MSC-exosomes. Of note, this paper especially highlights the latest research progress of MSC-exosomes in hematological diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The biogenesis and release of MSC-exosomes. (a) The multiple sources of MSCs: MSCs can be isolated from the bone marrow, umbilical cord, placenta, adipose, dental pulp, and iPSCs/ESCs. (b) The molecular identification of MSCs and biogenesis of MSC-exosomes: MSCs are positive for the makers of CD105, CD73, and CD90 but negative for CD45, CD34, CD14, CD11b, and CD19. MSC-exosomes are formed through the fusion of MVBs and secreted into the extracellular space. (c) MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myoblasts. (d) MSC-exosomes are enriched in multiple bioactive components including proteins, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, miRNAs, lncRNA, and metabolites. iPSCs/ESCs: induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells; MVB: multivesicular body; mRNA: messenger RNA; ncRNA: noncoding RNA; HSP: heat shock proteins.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The biological mechanisms of MSC-exosomes. (a) Immunomodulatory effects of MSC-exosomes. (b) Reactions of MSC-exosomes in response to oxidative stress. (c) Interactions between tumor cells and MSC-exosomes. (d) Applications of MSC-exosomes in regenerative medicine. IL: interleukin; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; IFN-γ: interferon γ; CCL: C-C motif ligand; CXC: C-X-C motif chemokine; NK cells: natural killer cells; Tregs: regulatory T cells; DCs: dendritic cells; ROS: reactive oxygen species; I/R: ischemia/reperfusion.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic diagram of molecular mechanisms MSC-exosomes in hematological diseases. (a) The action of MSC-exosomes and subsequent clinical outcomes in GVHD. (b) A brief outline of exosomal cargoes and underlying mechanisms of MSC-exosomes in MM. (c) Exosomal loadings and potential effects of MSC-exosomes in the diseases of AML, CML, and CLL. HLA-G: human leukocyte antigen-G; cGVHD: chronic GVHD; MM: multiple myeloma; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; CML: chronic myeloid leukemia, CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; PIs: proteasome inhibitors; IM: imatinib.
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