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Review
. 2022 Jan;34(1):e2103646.
doi: 10.1002/adma.202103646. Epub 2021 Oct 8.

Advanced Point-of-Care Testing Technologies for Human Acute Respiratory Virus Detection

Zhaowei Zhang  1   2 , Peng Ma  2   3 , Rajib Ahmed  2 , Jie Wang  2 , Demir Akin  2 , Fernando Soto  2 , Bi-Feng Liu  3 , Peiwu Li  1 , Utkan Demirci  2
Affiliations
Review

Advanced Point-of-Care Testing Technologies for Human Acute Respiratory Virus Detection

Zhaowei Zhang et al. Adv Mater. 2022 Jan.

Abstract

The ever-growing global threats to human life caused by the human acute respiratory virus (RV) infections have cost billions of lives, created a significant economic burden, and shaped society for centuries. The timely response to emerging RVs could save human lives and reduce the medical care burden. The development of RV detection technologies is essential for potentially preventing RV pandemic and epidemics. However, commonly used detection technologies lack sensitivity, specificity, and speed, thus often failing to provide the rapid turnaround times. To address this problem, new technologies are devised to address the performance inadequacies of the traditional methods. These emerging technologies offer improvements in convenience, speed, flexibility, and portability of point-of-care test (POCT). Herein, recent developments in POCT are comprehensively reviewed for eight typical acute respiratory viruses. This review discusses the challenges and opportunities of various recognition and detection strategies and discusses these according to their detection principles, including nucleic acid amplification, optical POCT, electrochemistry, lateral flow assays, microfluidics, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and microarrays. The importance of limits of detection, throughput, portability, and specificity when testing clinical samples in resource-limited settings is emphasized. Finally, the evaluation of commercial POCT kits for both essential RV diagnosis and clinical-oriented practices is included.

Keywords: clinical test; detection; point-of-care test; respiratory virus; sensitivity.

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