Irritability Is Associated With Decreased Cortical Surface Area and Anxiety With Decreased Gyrification During Brain Development

Abstract

Background: Brain development is of utmost importance for the emergence of psychiatric disorders, as the most severe of them arise before 25 years old. However, little is known regarding how early transdiagnostic symptoms, in a dimensional framework, are associated with cortical development. Anxiety and irritability are central vulnerability traits for subsequent mood and anxiety disorders. In this study, we investigate how these dimensions are related to structural changes in the brain to understand how they may increase the transition risk to full-blown disorders. Methods: We used the opportunity of an open access developmental cohort, the Healthy Brain Network, to investigate associations between cortical surface markers and irritability and anxiety scores as measured by parents and self-reports. Results: We found that in 658 young people (with a mean age of 11.6) the parental report of irritability is associated with decreased surface area in the bilateral rostral prefrontal cortex and the precuneus. Furthermore, parental reports of anxiety were associated with decreased local gyrification index in the anterior cingulate cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Conclusions: These results are consistent with current models of emotion regulation network maturation, showing decreased surface area or gyrification index in regions associated with impaired affective control in mood and anxiety disorders. Our results highlight how dimensional traits may increase vulnerability for these disorders.

Keywords: MRI; anxiety; development; dimensional model; gyrification index; irritability.

Figure 1

Negative correlation between ARI-parents score and cortical surface area in mm³, p < 0.05 corrected, N = 641. ARI, Affective Reactivity Index. The colors represent the –log¹⁰ (p-value at cluster level) with red indicating a positive correlation and blue indicating a negative correlation between scores and morphological features.

Figure 2

Negative correlation between SCARED-parents score and local gyrification index, p < 0.05 corrected, N = 590. SCARED, Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. The colors represent the –log¹⁰ (p-value at cluster level) with red indicating a positive correlation and blue indicating a negative correlation between scores and morphological features.