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Review
. 2021 Sep 22:12:636131.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636131. eCollection 2021.

Symbiosis and Dysbiosis of the Human Mycobiome

Kirtishri Mishra  1   2 , Laura Bukavina  1   2 , Mahmoud Ghannoum  2   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Symbiosis and Dysbiosis of the Human Mycobiome

Kirtishri Mishra et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

The influence of microbiological species has gained increased visibility and traction in the medical domain with major revelations about the role of bacteria on symbiosis and dysbiosis. A large reason for these revelations can be attributed to advances in deep-sequencing technologies. However, the research on the role of fungi has lagged. With the continued utilization of sequencing technologies in conjunction with traditional culture assays, we have the opportunity to shed light on the complex interplay between the bacteriome and the mycobiome as they relate to human health. In this review, we aim to offer a comprehensive overview of the human mycobiome in healthy and diseased states in a systematic way. The authors hope that the reader will utilize this review as a scaffolding to formulate their understanding of the mycobiome and pursue further research.

Keywords: commensals; disease; dysbiosis; health; microbiome; mycobiome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Mycobiome affects a wide spectrum of diseases across various niches in the human body. The cooperative evolution of fungi and bacteria is a complex interplay, where it may be mutualistic in some conditions, while antagonistic in others.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
A diagrammatic representation of the various fungal ribosomal genes that can be targeted for sequencing. The ITS sequences provide the best balance of conservation which facilitates targeting, while also providing diversity to differentiate between organisms. The red brackets represent primer sequences that can be utilized to sequence the desired region.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
(A) A microscopic image of an in vitro biofilm. (B) A medial section of a mouse colon demonstrati ng microorganisms present on the villi under a protective barrier formed by the biofilm matrix.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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