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Review
. 2021 Sep 19;11(9):530-542.
doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i9.530.

Genetics of adult attachment: An updated review of the literature

Leire Erkoreka  1 , Mercedes Zumarraga  2 , Aurora Arrue  2 , M Isabel Zamalloa  2 , Ainara Arnaiz  2 , Olga Olivas  2 , Teresa Moreno-Calle  1 , Estela Saez  1 , Jon Garcia  3 , Elena Marin  2 , Noemi Varela  2 , Ana Gonzalez-Pinto  4 , Nieves Basterreche  5
Affiliations
Review

Genetics of adult attachment: An updated review of the literature

Leire Erkoreka et al. World J Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Attachment style, which has been theorized to be rooted in childhood bonding experiences, influences adult cognitive, emotional and interpersonal functioning. Despite its relationship with early experiences, research indicates that the continuity of attachment style across childhood and adulthood is only partial, being a malleable tendency that is shaped throughout development, with an increasing influence of genetics, as it occurs in other cognitive and behavioral phenotypes. Genetic research indicates that up to 45% of the variability in anxious and 39% in avoidant adult attachment style could be explained by genetic causes, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. A narrative review is conducted analyzing the existing literature regarding the implication of candidate genes related to oxytocin, dopaminergic pathways, serotonergic pathways and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult attachment, with both vulnerability and differential susceptibility approaches, yielding mixed results. We highlight the lack of genome-wide studies and the scarcity of epigenetic investigation. Based on the existing data, we conclude that the genetics of adult attachment is an area that requires further research to clarify its etiological role and that it should be preferably approached as an interaction between nature and nurture.

Keywords: Adult attachment; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Dopamine; Genetics; Methylation; Oxytocin; Serotonin.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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