Application of Proteomics in Cancer: Recent Trends and Approaches for Biomarkers Discovery

Abstract

Proteomics has become an important field in molecular sciences, as it provides valuable information on the identity, expression levels, and modification of proteins. For example, cancer proteomics unraveled key information in mechanistic studies on tumor growth and metastasis, which has contributed to the identification of clinically applicable biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets. Several cancer proteome databases have been established and are being shared worldwide. Importantly, the integration of proteomics studies with other omics is providing extensive data related to molecular mechanisms and target modulators. These data may be analyzed and processed through bioinformatic pipelines to obtain useful information. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of cancer proteomics and recent advances in proteomic techniques. In particular, we aim to offer insights into current proteomics studies of brain cancer, in which proteomic applications are in a relatively early stage. This review covers applications of proteomics from the discovery of biomarkers to the characterization of molecular mechanisms through advances in technology. Moreover, it addresses global trends in proteomics approaches for translational research. As a core method in translational research, the continued development of this field is expected to provide valuable information at a scale beyond that previously seen.

Keywords: biomarkers; cancer; multi-omics; proteomics; translational research.

Figure 1

Workflow of the proteomics investigation. Proteomics exhibit many proteins by peptide preparation, analysis using mass spectrometry, and interpretation of peptide data through existing databases.

Figure 2

Reverse translational research strategy. In reverse translational research, in-depth multi-omics analysis of cancer specimens from patients can improve our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer, facilitating the discovery of new target molecules. Further clinical research with patients can aid in finding better approaches for the treatment of diseases.