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. 2021 Oct 12;10(10):CD006911.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub4.

Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer

Joke Bradt  1 , Cheryl Dileo  2 , Katherine Myers-Coffman  3 , Jacelyn Biondo  1   4
Affiliations

Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer

Joke Bradt et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: This is an update of the review published on the Cochrane Library in 2016, Issue 8. Having cancer may result in extensive emotional, physical and social suffering. Music interventions have been used to alleviate symptoms and treatment side effects in people with cancer. This review includes music interventions defined as music therapy offered by trained music therapists, as well as music medicine, which was defined as listening to pre-recorded music offered by medical staff.

Objectives: To assess and compare the effects of music therapy and music medicine interventions for psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2020, Issue 3) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE via Ovid, Embase via Ovid, CINAHL, PsycINFO, LILACS, Science Citation Index, CancerLit, CAIRSS, Proquest Digital Dissertations, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, the RILM Abstracts of Music Literature, http://www.wfmt.info/Musictherapyworld/ and the National Research Register. We searched all databases, except for the last two, from their inception to April 2020; the other two are no longer functional, so we searched them until their termination date. We handsearched music therapy journals, reviewed reference lists and contacted experts. There was no language restriction.

Selection criteria: We included all randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in adults and pediatric patients with cancer. We excluded patients undergoing biopsy and aspiration for diagnostic purposes.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Where possible, we presented results in meta-analyses using mean differences and standardized mean differences. We used post-test scores. In cases of significant baseline difference, we used change scores. We conducted separate meta-analyses for studies with adult participants and those with pediatric participants. Primary outcomes of interest included psychological outcomes and physical symptoms and secondary outcomes included physiological responses, physical functioning, anesthetic and analgesic intake, length of hospitalization, social and spiritual support, communication, and quality of life (QoL) . We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.

Main results: We identified 29 new trials for inclusion in this update. In total, the evidence of this review rests on 81 trials with a total of 5576 participants. Of the 81 trials, 74 trials included adult (N = 5306) and seven trials included pediatric (N = 270) oncology patients. We categorized 38 trials as music therapy trials and 43 as music medicine trials. The interventions were compared to standard care. Psychological outcomes The results suggest that music interventions may have a large anxiety-reducing effect in adults with cancer, with a reported average anxiety reduction of 7.73 units (17 studies, 1381 participants; 95% confidence interval (CI) -10.02 to -5.44; very low-certainty evidence) on the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory scale (range 20 to 80; lower values reflect lower anxiety). Results also suggested a moderately strong, positive impact of music interventions on depression in adults (12 studies, 1021 participants; standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.41, 95% CI -0.67 to -0.15; very low-certainty evidence). We found no support for an effect of music interventions on mood (SMD 0.47, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.97; 5 studies, 236 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Music interventions may increase hope in adults with cancer, with a reported average increase of 3.19 units (95% CI 0.12 to 6.25) on the Herth Hope Index (range 12 to 48; higher scores reflect greater hope), but this finding was based on only two studies (N = 53 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Physical outcomes We found a moderate pain-reducing effect of music interventions (SMD -0.67, 95% CI -1.07 to -0.26; 12 studies, 632 adult participants; very low-certainty evidence). In addition, music interventions had a small treatment effect on fatigue (SMD -0.28, 95% CI -0.46 to -0.10; 10 studies, 498 adult participants; low-certainty evidence). The results suggest a large effect of music interventions on adult participants' QoL, but the results were highly inconsistent across studies, and the pooled effect size was accompanied by a large confidence interval (SMD 0.88, 95% CI -0.31 to 2.08; 7 studies, 573 participants; evidence is very uncertain). Removal of studies that used improper randomization methods resulted in a moderate effect size that was less heterogeneous (SMD 0.47, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.88, P = 0.02, I2 = 56%). A small number of trials included pediatric oncology participants. The findings suggest that music interventions may reduce anxiety but this finding was based on only two studies (SMD -0.94, 95% CI -1.9 to 0.03; very low-certainty evidence). Due to the small number of studies, we could not draw conclusions regarding the effects of music interventions on mood, depression, QoL, fatigue or pain in pediatric participants with cancer. The majority of studies included in this review update presented a high risk of bias, and therefore the overall certainty of the evidence is low. For several outcomes (i.e. anxiety, depression, pain, fatigue, and QoL) the beneficial treatment effects were consistent across studies for music therapy interventions delivered by music therapists. In contrast, music medicine interventions resulted in inconsistent treatment effects across studies for these outcomes.

Authors' conclusions: This systematic review indicates that music interventions compared to standard care may have beneficial effects on anxiety, depression, hope, pain, and fatigue in adults with cancer. The results of two trials suggest that music interventions may have a beneficial effect on anxiety in children with cancer. Too few trials with pediatric participants were included to draw conclusions about the treatment benefits of music for other outcomes. For several outcomes, music therapy interventions delivered by a trained music therapist led to consistent results across studies and this was not the case for music medicine interventions. Moreover, evidence of effect was found for music therapy interventions for QoL and fatigue but not for music medicine interventions. Most trials were at high risk of bias and low or very low certainty of evidence; therefore, these results need to be interpreted with caution.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02261558 NCT02583126.

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Conflict of interest statement

Joke Bradt ‐ None known Cheryl Dileo ‐ None known Katherine Myers‐Coffman ‐ None known Jacelyn Biondo ‐ None known

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone with adults, outcome: 1.1 Anxiety (STAI).
5
5
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone with adults, outcome: 1.6 Depression.
6
6
Funnel plot of comparison: 1 Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone with adults, outcome: 1.13 Pain.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 1: Anxiety (STAI)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 2: Anxiety (non‐STAI (full version) measures)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 3: Anxiety (intervention subgroup)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 4: Anxiety (music preference)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 5: Anxiety (music‐guided relaxation)
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 6: Depression
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 7: Depression (intervention subgroup)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 8: Depression (music preference)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 9: Distress
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 10: Mood
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 11: Mood (intervention subgroup)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 12: Hope
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 13: Pain
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 14: Pain (intervention subgroup)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 15: Pain (music preference)
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 16: Fatigue
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 17: Fatigue (intervention subgroup)
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 18: Physical functioning
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 19: Heart rate
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 20: Heart rate (music preference)
1.21
1.21. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 21: Respiratory rate
1.22
1.22. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 22: Systolic blood pressure
1.23
1.23. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 23: Systolic blood pressure (music preference)
1.24
1.24. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 24: Diastolic blood pressure
1.25
1.25. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 25: Diastolic blood pressure (music preference)
1.26
1.26. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 26: Oxygen saturation
1.27
1.27. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 27: Quality of life
1.28
1.28. Analysis
Comparison 1: Music intervention plus standard care versus standard care alone in adults, Outcome 28: Quality of life (intervention subgroup)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Music interventions plus standard care versus standard care alone in children, Outcome 1: Anxiety (STAI)
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Music interventions plus standard care versus standard care plus placebo control in children, Outcome 1: Distress
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Music interventions plus standard care versus standard care plus placebo control in children, Outcome 2: Spiritual well‐being
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Music therapy plus standard care versus music medicine plus standard care in adults, Outcome 1: Anxiety
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Robb 2008 {published data only}
    1. Robb SL, Clair AA, Watanabe M, Monahan PO, Azzous F, Stouffer JW, et al. A non-randomised controlled trial of the active music engagement (AME) intervention on children with cancer. Psycho-Oncology 2008;17(7):699-708. - PubMed
Robb 2014 {published data only}
    1. Robb SL, Burns DS, Stegenga KA, Haut PR, Monahan PO, Meza J, et al. Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic music video intervention for resilience outcomes in adolescents/young adults undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Cancer 2014;120(6):909-17. - PMC - PubMed
Robb 2017 {published data only}
    1. Robb SL, Haase JE, Perkins SM, Haut PR, Henley AK, Knafl KA, et al. Pilot randomized trial of active music engagement intervention parent delivery for young children with cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 2017;42(2):208-19. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw050] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Romito 2013 {published data only}
    1. Romito F, Lagattolla F, Costanzo C, Giotta F, Mattioli V. Music therapy and emotional expression during chemotherapy. How do breast cancer patients feel? European Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013;5(5):438-42.
Rosenow 2014 {published data only}
    1. Rosenow SC, Silverman MJ. Effects of single session music therapy on hospitalized patients recovering from a bone marrow transplant: two studies. Arts in Psychotherapy 2014;41(1):65-70.
Rossetti 2017 {published data only}
    1. Rossetti A, Chadha M, Torres BN, Lee JK, Hylton D, Loewy JV, et al. The impact of music therapy on anxiety in cancer patients undergoing simulation for radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 2017;99(1):103-10. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Shaban 2006 {published data only}
    1. Shaban M, Rasoolzadeh N, Mehran A, Moradalizadeh F. Study of two non-pharmacological methods, progressive muscle relaxation and music on pain relief of cancerous patients. Journal of Tehran Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery 2006;12(3):87.
Smith 2001 {published data only}
    1. Smith M, Casey L, Johnson D, Gwede C, Riggin OZ. Music as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety in patients receiving radiation therapy. Oncology Nursing Forum 2001;28(5):855-62. - PubMed
Stordahl 2009 {unpublished data only}
    1. Stordahl JJ. The Influence of Music on Depression, Affect, and Benefit Finding Among Women at the Completion of Treatment for Breast Cancer [PhD thesis]. Miami, FL: University of Miami, 2009.
Straw 1991 {published data only}
    1. Straw GW. The Use of Guided Imagery and Relaxation for the Quality of Life of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy [Master's thesis]. Ontario: Lakehead University, 1991.
Tuinmann 2017 {published data only}
    1. Tuinmann G, Preissler P, Bohmer H, Suling A, Bokemeyer C. The effects of music therapy in patients with high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell support: a randomized pilot study. Psycho-oncology 2017;26(3):377-84. [DOI: 10.1002/pon.4142] - DOI - PubMed
Vachiramon 2013 {published data only}
    1. Vachiramon V, Sobanko JF, Rattanaumpawan P, Miller CJ. Music reduces patient anxiety during Mohs surgery: an open‐label randomized controlled trial. Dermatologic Surgery 2013;39(2):298-305. - PubMed
Verstegen 2016 {unpublished data only}
    1. Verstegen AL, Silverman MJ. Effects of Hope-Based Music Therapy on Hope and Pain in Hospitalized Patients on Blood and Marrow Transplant Unit: a Convergent Parallel Mixed-Methods Pilot Study [MA Thesis]. Ann Arbor: University of Minnesota, 2016.
Verstegen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Verstegen AL, Silverman MJ. Effects of music therapy on mood and pain with patients hospitalized for bone marrow transplantation: a randomized effectiveness pilot study. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 2018;13(4):418-28. [DOI: ]
Wan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wan Y, Mao Z, Qiu Y. Influence of music therapy on anxiety, depression and pain of cancer patients. Huli Yanjiu [Chinese Nursing Research] 2009;23(5A):1172-5.
Wang 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wang Y, Tang H, Guo Q, Liu J, Liu X, Luo J, et al. Effects of intravenous patient-controlled sufentanil analgesia and music therapy on pain and haemodynamics after surgery for lung cancer: a randomised parallel study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2015;21(11):667-72. - PubMed
Warth 2015 {published data only}
    1. Warth M, Keßler J, Hillecke TK, Bardenheuer, HJ. Trajectories of terminally ill patients' cardiovascular response to receptive music therapy in palliative care. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2016;52(2):196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.01.008] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Warth M, Keßler J, Hillecke TK, Bardenheuer HJ. Music therapy in palliative care. Deutsches Arzteblatt International 2015;112(46):788-94. [DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0788] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Wren 2019 {published data only}
    1. Wren AA, Shelby RA, Soo MS, Huysmans Z, Jarosz JA, Keefe FJ. Preliminary efficacy of a loving kindness meditation intervention for patients undergoing biopsy and breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled pilot study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2019;27(9):3583-92. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Xie 2001 {published data only}
    1. Xie Z, Wang G, Yin Z, Liao S, Lin J, Yu Z, et al. Effect of music therapy and inner image relaxation on quality of life in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Zhongguo Xinli Weisheng Zazhi [Chinese Mental Health Journal] 2001;15(3):176-8.
Yates 2015 {published data only}
    1. Yates G, Silverman M. Immediate effects of single-session music therapy on affective state inpatients on a post-surgical oncology unit: a randomised effectiveness study. Arts in Psychotherapy 2015;44:57-61.
Zhao 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhao PT, Liang J, Shao QJ, Liang F, Yuan HQ, You FS. Interventional effects of musical therapy to physiological and psychological conditions in process of radiotherapy for patients with cancer. Zhonghua Zhongliu Fangzhi Zazhi [Chinese Journal of Cancer Prevention and Treatment] 2008;15(14):1097-9.
Zhou 2015 {published data only}
    1. Zhou K, Li X, Li J, Liu M, Dang S, Wang D, et al. A clinical randomised controlled trial of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation training in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: results on depression, anxiety and length of hospital stay. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 2015;19:54-9. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Akombo 2006 {unpublished data only}
    1. Akombo D. Effects of Listening to Music as an Intervention for Pain and Anxiety in Bone Marrow Transplant Patients [PhD thesis]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, 2006.
Allen 2010 {unpublished data only}
    1. Allen J. The Effectiveness of Group Music and Imagery on Improving the Self-concept of Breast Cancer Survivors [PhD thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University, 2010.
Ardila 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ardila E. Complementary medicine and cancer [Las medicinas complementarias y el cáncer]. Revista Colombiana de Cancerología 2010;12(3):127-8.
Augé 2015a {published data only}
    1. Augé PM, Mercadal-Brotons M, Resano CS. The effect of music therapy on mood and quality of life in female breast cancer survivors [Efecto de la musicoterapia en el estado anímico y calidad de vida de un grupo de mujeres supervivientes de cáncer de mama]. Psicooncología 2015;12(1):105-28.
Augé 2015b {published and unpublished data}
    1. Augé P, Mercadal-Brotons M, Resano C. The effect of music therapy on mood and quality of life in colorectal cancer patients [Efecto de la musicoterapia en el estado de ánimo y calidad de vida de pacientes con cáncer colorectal]. Psicooncología 2015;12(2-3):259-82.
Bailey 1983 {published data only}
    1. Bailey LM. The effects of live music versus tape-recorded music on hospitalised cancer patients. Music Therapy 1983;3(1):17-28.
Barrera 2002 {published data only}
    1. Barrera ME, Rykov MH, Doyle SL. The effects of interactive music therapy on hospitalised children with cancer: a pilot study. Psycho-Oncology 2002;11:379-88. - PubMed
Barry 2010 {published data only}
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Bergmark 2016 {published data only}
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Bilgic 2017 {published data only}
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Boldt 1996 {published data only}
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Bozcuk 2006 {published data only}
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Bunt 1995 {published data only}
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Burke 1997 {published data only}
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Burns 2001b {published data only}
    1. Burns SJI, Harbuz MS, Hucklebrideg F, Bunt L. A pilot study into the therapeutic effects of music therapy at a self-help cancer center. Alternative Therapies in Health Medicine 2001;7(1):48-56. - PubMed
Canga 2012 {published data only}
    1. Canga B, Hahm CL, Lucido D, Grossbard ML, Loewy JV. Environmental music therapy apilot study on the effects of music therapy in a chemotherapy infusion suite. Music and Medicine 2012;4(4):221-30.
Capitulo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Capitulo KL. Music therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in children with cancer undergoing lumbar puncture: a randomised clinical trial. American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing 2015;40(4):268.
Cermak 2005 {unpublished data only}
    1. Cermak AM. The Effect of Music Therapy and Songwriting on Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients and their Family as Measured by Self-report [Master's thesis]. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University, 2005.
Chi 2009 {unpublished data only}
    1. Chi G. Music Relaxation Video and Pain Control: a Randomised Controlled Trial for Women Receiving Intracavitary Brachytherapy for Gynecological Cancer [PhD thesis]. Denton, TX: Texas Women's University, 2009.
Cuenot 1994 {unpublished data only}
    1. Cuenot LR. Effects of Brief Adjunctive Music Therapy on Chronic Cancer Pain Intensity [PhD thesis]. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, College of Nursing, 1994.
Dadkhah 2019 {published data only}
    1. Dadkhah B, Anisi E, Mozaffari N, Amani F, Pourghasemian M. Effect of music therapy with periorbital massage on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Caring Sciences 2019;8(3):165-71. [DOI: 10.1517/jcs.2019.024] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Domingo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Domingo JP, Escudé Matamoros NE, Danés CF, Abelló HV, Carranza JM, Ripoll AR, et al. Effectiveness of music therapy in advanced cancer patients admitted to a palliative care unit: a non-randomised controlled, clinical trial. Music & Medicine 2015;7(1):23-31.
Dvorak 2015 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dvorak A. Music therapy support groups for cancer patients and caregivers: a mixed methods approach. Canadian Journal of Music Therapy 2015;21(1):69-105.
Ezzone 1998 {published data only}
    1. Ezzone S, Baker C, Rosselet R, Terepka E. Music as an adjunct to antiemetic therapy. Oncology Nursing Forum 1998;25(9):1551-6. - PubMed
Fancourt 2015 {unpublished data only}
    1. Fancourt D. The Psychoneuroimmunology of Music: Modulation of Psychological State, Stress Levels and Immune Response through Participator Interventions [PhD thesis]. London, England: University College London, 2015.
Fernando 2019 {published data only}
    1. Fernando GVMC, Wanigabadu LU, Vidanagama B, Samaranayaka TSP, Jeewandara JMKC. Adjunctive effects of a short session of music on pain, low-mood and anxiety modulation among cancer patients: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 2019;25(3):367-73. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Flaugher 2002 {unpublished data only}
    1. Flaugher M. The Intervention of Music on Perceptions of Chronic Pain, Depression, and Anxiety in Ambulatory Individuals with Cancer [PhD thesis]. Birmingham, AL: University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002.
Frank 1985 {published data only}
    1. Frank JM. The effects of music therapy and guided visual imagery on chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting. Oncology Nursing Forum 1985;12(5):47-52. - PubMed
Furioso 2002 {unpublished data only}
    1. Furioso MM. The Effect of Group Music Therapy on Coping, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Quality of Life for Women with Breast Cancer [PhD thesis]. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 2002.
Gencer 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gencer D, Diel A, Klotzbach K, Christians K, Rauch M, Meissner R, et al. Cancer patients and music: (prospective) results from a survey to evaluate potential complementary treatment approaches. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 2019;145:2141-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02959-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Giordano 2020 {published data only}
    1. Giordano F, Zanchi B, De Leonardis F, Rutigliano C, Esposito F, Brienza N, et al. The infulence of music therapy on preoperative anxiety in pediatric oncology patients undergoing invasive procedures. Arts in Psychotherapy 2020;68:101649. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2020.101649] - DOI
Gutsell 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gutgsell KJ, Schluchter M, Margevicius S, DeGolia PA, McLaughlin B, Harris M, et al. Music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2013;45:822–31. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Hasenbring 1999 {published data only}
    1. Hasenbring M, Schulz-Kindermann F, Hennings U, Florian M, Linhart D, Ramm G, et al. The efficacy of relaxation/imagery, music therapy and psychological support for pain relief and quality of life: first results from a randomised controlled clinical trial. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1999;23:166.
Hogenmiller 1986 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hogenmiller JR. The effect of selected classical music on acute pain related to bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in the cancer patient. Oncology Nursing Forum 1986;13(2):86.
Huang 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Huang SH. Effects of Music Therapy on Relieving Pain and Symptom Distress among Hospice Cancer Patients [Master's thesis]. Taipei: Taipei Medical College, 2000.
Jeppesen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Jeppesen E, Pedersen C, Larsen K, Walsted E, Rehl A, Ehrenriech J, et al. Music prior to bronchoscopy reduces anxiety in patients with suspected lung cancer. European Respiratory Journal 2018;52:PA2826. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.PA2826] - DOI - PubMed
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Jourt‐Pineau 2012 {published data only}
    1. Jourt-Pineau C. Music therapy in oncology: an evaluation of the effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in hospitalized oncology patients [La musicotherapie en oncologie: evalutaion des effets de la musicotherapie sur la douleur et l'anxiete chez les patients hospitalises et/ou suivis en service d'oncologie]. La Revue Francaise de Musicotherapie 2012;32(1):4-108.
Jourt‐Pineau 2013 {published data only}
    1. Jourt-Pineau C, Guetin S, Vedrine L, Le Moulec S, Poirier JM, Ceccaldi B. Effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in treating cancer patients: a feasibility study. Douleurs 2013;14(4):200-7.
Karagozoglu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Karagozoglu S, Tekyasar F, Yilmaz FA. Effects of music therapy and guided visual imagery on chemotherapy-induced anxiety and nausea-vomiting. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2013;22(1-2):39-50. - PubMed
Kemper 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kemper KJ, Hamilton CA, McLean TW, Lovato J. Impact of music on paediatric oncology outpatients. Pediatric Research 2008;64(1):105-9. - PMC - PubMed
Kongsawatvorakul 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kongsawatvorakul C, Charakorn C, Paiwattananupant K, Lekskul N, Rattanasiri S, Lertkhachonsuk AA. Limited impact of music therapy on patient anxiety with the large loop excision of transformation zone procedure: a randomized controlled trial. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016;17:2853-6. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Krishaswamy 2016 {published data only}
    1. Krishnaswamy P, Nair S. Effect of music therapy on pain and anxiety levels of cancer patients: a pilot study. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 2016;22:307-11. [DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.185042] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lawson 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lawson ML, Glennon C, Fuscus V, Harrell VS, Krause KA, Moore AB, et al. Effects of making art and listening to music on symptoms related to blood and marrow transplantation. Oncology Nursing Forum 2016;43(2):E56-E63. [DOI: 10.1188/16.ONF.E56-E63] - DOI - PubMed
Lee 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Lee YJ. Effects of Music Therapy on Pain Level, Physiological Response and Psychological Perception of Cancer Patients [Master's thesis]. Taipei: Chang-Gung University, 2000.
Lee 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lee EJ, Bhattacharya J, Sohn C, Verres R. Monochord sounds and progressive muscle relaxation reduce anxiety and improve relaxation during chemotherapy: a pilot EEG study. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 2012;20(6):409-16. - PubMed
Lesiuk 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lesiuk T. The effect of mindfulness-based music therapy on attention and mood in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a pilot study. Oncology Nursing Forum 2015;42(3):276-82. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Liao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Liao J, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Zhao YC, Zhang X, Zhao N, et al. Progressive muscle relaxation combined with Chinese medicine five-element music on depression for cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2018;24(5):343-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2956-0] - DOI - PubMed
Liu 2014 {published data only}
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Liu 2019 {published data only}
    1. Liu H, Gao X, Hou Y. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction combined with music therapy on pain, anxiety, and sleep quality in patients with osteosarcoma. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 2019;4(16):540-5. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0346] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lopez 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lopez G, Christie AJ, Powers-James C, Bae MS, Dibaj SS, Gomez R, et al. The effects of inpatient music therapy on self-reported symptoms at an academic cancer center: a preliminary report. Supportive Care in Cancer 2019;27:4207-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-019-04713-4] - DOI - PubMed
Na Cholburi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Na Cholburi JS, Hanucharurnkul S, Waikakul W. Effects of music therapy on anxiety and pain in cancer patients. Thai Journal of Nursing Research 2004;8(3):173-81.
Nakayama 2009 {published data only}
    1. Nakayama H, Kikuta F, Takeda H. A pilot study on effectiveness of music therapy in hospice in Japan. Journal of Music Therapy 2009;46(2):160-72. - PubMed
Perkins 2018 {published data only}
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Pfaff 1989 {published data only}
    1. Pfaff VK, Smith KE, Gowan D. The effects of music-assisted relaxation on the distress of paediatric cancer patients undergoing bone marrow aspirations. Children's Health Care 1989;18(4):232-6.
Pienta 1998 {published data only}
    1. Pienta D. The effects of guided imagery & music on the self esteem and well-being of cancer survivors. Unpublished paper. Data on file.
Robinson 2009 {unpublished data only}
    1. Robinson A. Music During Chemotherapy. Effects on Patients with Gynecologic Malignancies with Emphasis on Physical Symptoms and Coping: Results of a Prospective Study. [Musik während der Chemotherapie. Effekte auf Patientinnen mit Gynäkologischen Malignomen unter Besonderer Berücksichtigung von Körperlichen Beschwerden und Krankheitsverarbeitung: Ergebnisse einer Prospektiven Studie] [PhD thesis]. Berlin: Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, 2009.
Rose 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rose JP, Weis J. Sound meditation in oncological rehabilitation: a pilot study of a receptive music therapy group using the monochord. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 2008;15(6):335-43. - PubMed
Sadat 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sadat Hoseini AAS. Effect of music therapy on chemotherapy nausea and vomiting in children with malignancy. Journal of Hayat 2009;15(2):5-14.
Sahler 2003 {published data only}
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Sanchez‐Juaregui 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sanchez-Jauregui T, Tellez A, Juarez-Garcia D, Garchi CH, Garcia FE. Clinical hypnosis and music in breast biopsy: a randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 2018;61(3):244-57. [DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2018.1489776] - DOI - PubMed
Schur 1987 {published data only}
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Sedei 1980 {unpublished data only}
    1. Sedei C. The Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Specific Statements Verbalized by Cancer Patients [Master's thesis]. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University, 1980.
Shao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Shao J, Xiao T, Shi M, Zhou X, Wang Z, Lin T, et al. Effect of multimedia-based nursing visit on perioperative anxiety in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2019;24(10):1198-206. [DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1595678] - DOI - PubMed
Soo 2016 {published data only}
    1. Soo MS, Jarosz JA, Wren AA, Soo AE, Mowery YM, Johnson KS, et al. Imaging-guided core-needle breast biopsy: impact of meditation and music interventions on patient anxiety, pain, and fatigue. Journal of the Ammerican Colloge of Radiology 2016;13:526-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2015.12.004] - DOI - PubMed
Sriasih 2019 {published data only}
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Standley 1992 {published data only}
    1. Standley JM. Clinical applications of music and chemotherapy: the effects on nausea and emesis. Music Therapy Perspectives 1992;10(1):27-35.
Stark 2012 {unpublished data only}
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Tan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tan BL, Sin ACF, Ho SM, Lee KH, Poh J, Chua GP, et al. Effect of music in reducing anxiety levels among patients who receive their first dose of chemotherapy treatment. Singapore General Hospital Proceedings 2008;17(1):46-56.
Tellez 2016 {published data only}
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Thompson 2011 {unpublished data only}
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Tilch 1999 {published data only}
    1. Tilch S, Haffa-Schmidt U, Wandt H, Kappauf H, Schafer K, Birkmann J, et al. Supportive music therapy improves mood state in patients undergoing myeloablative chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1999;23:170.
Toccafondi 2018 {published data only}
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Uggla 2018 {published data only}
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Vohra 2011 {published data only}
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Walden 2001 {published data only}
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Warth 2018 {published data only}
    1. Warth M, Kessler J, Van Kampen J, Ditzen B, Bardenheuer H. ‘Song of Life’: music therapy in terminally ill patients with cancer. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care 2018;8:167-70. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-001475] - DOI - PubMed
Washington 1990 {unpublished data only}
    1. Washington DR. The Effect of Music Therapy on Anxiety Levels of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: a Pilot Study [Master's thesis]. Philadelphia, PA: Hahnemann University, USA, 1990.
Weber 1997 {published data only}
    1. Weber S, Nuessler V, Wilmanns W. A pilot study on the influence of receptive music listening on cancer patients during chemotherapy. International Journal of Arts Medicine 1997;5(2):27-35.
Whitney 2013 {unpublished data only}
    1. Whitney Q. The Effect of Music Therapy on Five-year Disease-free Survival Rates in Pediatric Neuroblastoma [Master's thesis]. Ithaca, NY: Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 2013.
Wurr 2000 {unpublished data only}
    1. Wurr CJ. Evaluation of music therapy in pediatric oncology - a pilot study. Academic Unit of Child & Adolescent Mental Health, University of Leeds, UK 2000.
Yang 2019 {published data only}
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