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Review
. 2021 Sep 23;22(19):10233.
doi: 10.3390/ijms221910233.

Current Biomaterial-Based Bone Tissue Engineering and Translational Medicine

Jingqi Qi  1   2 , Tianqi Yu  3 , Bangyan Hu  4 , Hongwei Wu  1   2 , Hongwei Ouyang  1   2   5   6
Affiliations
Review

Current Biomaterial-Based Bone Tissue Engineering and Translational Medicine

Jingqi Qi et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Bone defects cause significant socio-economic costs worldwide, while the clinical "gold standard" of bone repair, the autologous bone graft, has limitations including limited graft supply, secondary injury, chronic pain and infection. Therefore, to reduce surgical complexity and speed up bone healing, innovative therapies are needed. Bone tissue engineering (BTE), a new cross-disciplinary science arisen in the 21st century, creates artificial environments specially constructed to facilitate bone regeneration and growth. By combining stem cells, scaffolds and growth factors, BTE fabricates biological substitutes to restore the functions of injured bone. Although BTE has made many valuable achievements, there remain some unsolved challenges. In this review, the latest research and application of stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors in BTE are summarized with the aim of providing references for the clinical application of BTE.

Keywords: angiogenesis; growth factor; osteogenesis; scaffold; stem cell.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The components of BTE and the process of bone regeneration.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The functions, source, and genetic therapy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); (A) Methods of gene engineering MSCs. (B) Functions of MSCs in bone regeneration and repair. The favorable effects include immunomodulatory effects, stimulation of angiogenesis, antiapoptotic effects on osteoblasts, recruitment of host MSCs/progenitor cells, and stimulation of their differentiation into osteoblasts.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The generation and application of iPSCs in bone tissue engineering.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The delivery methods of growth factors (GFs) in BTE: (A) Physical entrapment; (B) Hydrogel encapsulation; (C) Surface adsorption; (D) Biomineralization; (E) Polyelectrolyte multilayer film coating and multiagent delivery; (F) Nanoparticles and macroparticles; (G) Cells as drug-eluting systems.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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