Effects of Performing Applied Muscle Tension during Recovery after Phlebotomy in Young, First-Time Donors: A Pilot Study

Abstract

Vasovagal reaction (VVR) compromises donor safety and reduces the subsequent return rates. Performing applied muscle tension (AMT) during phlebotomy may reduce the incidence of VVR. However, the effectiveness of performing AMT after phlebotomy to reduce delayed VVR remains unclear. With ethics approval, 12 young, first-time donors (YFTD) were recruited to study the effects on stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) while performing AMT from needle insertion to end of recovery. Measurements from 12 matched control YFTD were used for comparison. Pre-donation anxiety and VVR severity were assessed. Compared to controls, donors who performed AMT had higher SV (Control: 57 mL vs. AMT: 69 mL, p = 0.045), higher CO (Control: 3.7 L·min^-1 vs. AMT: 5.2 L·min^-1, p = 0.006) and lower SVR (Control: 1962 dyn·s·cm^-5 vs. AMT: 1569 dyn·s·cm^-5, p = 0.032) during mid-phlebotomy. During recovery, the AMT group retained higher SV, higher CO and lower SVR than the control, but not reaching statistical significance. Practicing AMT during recovery resulted in sustained haemodynamic improvements beyond the donation period, despite the reduction in delayed VVR was insignificant compared to the control group. A larger sample size is needed to validate the effectiveness of performing AMT after donation to mitigate delayed VVR.

Keywords: applied muscle tension; blood donation; cardiac output; haemodynamics; stroke volume; vasovagal reaction; young first-time donors.

Figure 1

(a) Stroke volume (SV), (b) cardiac output (CO), (c) systemic vascular resistance (SVR), (d) heart rate (HR) and (e) systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) during blood donation for control and AMT groups. Data points are presented as mean ± SD. Base = baseline; Half = 50% donated; Full = 100% donated; Rec5 = after 5 min in recovery; Rec10 = after 10 min in recovery. * denotes significant difference from baseline (p < 0.05) and † denotes significant difference between groups (p < 0.05).

Figure 1

(a) Stroke volume (SV), (b) cardiac output (CO), (c) systemic vascular resistance (SVR), (d) heart rate (HR) and (e) systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) during blood donation for control and AMT groups. Data points are presented as mean ± SD. Base = baseline; Half = 50% donated; Full = 100% donated; Rec5 = after 5 min in recovery; Rec10 = after 10 min in recovery. * denotes significant difference from baseline (p < 0.05) and † denotes significant difference between groups (p < 0.05).