Microplastics in mangroves and coral reef ecosystems: a review

Abstract

Microplastic pollution has recently been identified as a major issue for the health of ecosystems. Microplastics have typically sizes of less than 5 mm and occur in various forms, such as pellets, fibres, fragments, films, and granules. Mangroves and coral reefs are sensitive and restricted ecosystems that provide free ecological services such as coastal protection, maintaining natural cycles, hotspots of biodiversity and economically valuable goods. However, urbanization and industrial activities have started contaminating even these preserved ecosystems. Here we review sources, occurrence, and toxicity of microplastics in the trophic levels of mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. We present detection methods, such as microscopic identification and spectroscopy. We discuss mitigating measures that prevent the entry of microplastics into the marine environment.

Keywords: Coral reefs; Ecosystems; Mangroves; Microplastics; Pollution; Toxicity.

Fig. 1

A representation of major rivers that are contributing to plastic wastes (in tons) into marine environment

Fig. 2

Sizes and shapes of microplastics. Sizes: macro and microplastics. Shapes: spheres, fragments, fibers, films, foams, pellets

Fig. 3

A map showing top 15 countries that are covering highest mangrove areas among global mangrove forest distribution