Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Dec;38(12):e14717.
doi: 10.1111/dme.14717. Epub 2021 Oct 26.

Four decades of the Bart's Oxford study: Improved tests to predict type 1 diabetes

Kathleen M Gillespie  1 , Rana Fareed  1 , Georgina L Mortimer  1
Affiliations
Review

Four decades of the Bart's Oxford study: Improved tests to predict type 1 diabetes

Kathleen M Gillespie et al. Diabet Med. 2021 Dec.

Abstract

Recent success in clinical trials to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes has heralded a new era of type 1 diabetes research focused on the most accurate methods to predict risk and progression rate in the general population. Risk prediction for type 1 diabetes has been ongoing since the 1970s and 1980s when human leucocyte antigen (HLA) variants and islet autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes were first described. Development of prediction methodologies has relied on well-characterised cohorts and samples. The Bart's Oxford (BOX) study of type 1 diabetes has been recruiting children with type 1 diabetes and their first (and second)-degree relatives since 1985. In this review, we use the timeline of the study to review the accompanying basic science developments which have facilitated improved prediction by genetic (HLA analysis through to genetic risk scores) and biochemical strategies (islet cell autoantibodies through to improved individual tests for antibodies to insulin, glutamate decarboxylase, the tyrosine phosphatase IA-2, zinc transporter 8 and tetraspanin 7). The type 1 diabetes community are poised to move forward using the best predictive markers to predict and delay the onset of type 1 diabetes.

Keywords: HLA; genetic risk score; genetics; islet autoantibodies; type 1 diabetes.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

REFERENCES

    1. Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, et al. An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(7):603-613.
    1. Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, et al. Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med. 2021;13(583):eabc8980.
    1. Gardner SG, Bingley PJ, Sawtell PA, et al. Rising incidence of insulin dependent diabetes in children aged under 5 years in the Oxford region: time trend analysis. The Bart's-Oxford Study Group. BMJ. 1997;315(7110):713-717.
    1. Gorus FK, Balti EV, Messaaoui A, et al. Twenty-year progression rate to clinical onset according to autoantibody profile, age, and HLA-DQ genotype in a Registry-Based Group of children and adults with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(8):1065-1072.
    1. Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E; BABYDIAB-BABYDIET Study Group. Age-related islet autoantibody incidence in offspring of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012;55(7):1937-1943.

Publication types

MeSH terms