Causes and Outcomes of Admission and Investigation of Tuberculosis in Adults with Advanced HIV in South African Hospitals: Data from the TB Fast Track Trial

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality in HIV-positive adults. Using data from hospital and clinic files, research databases, and autopsy, we describe causes and outcomes of admissions, and assess investigations for TB among adults with advanced HIV who were hospitalized after enrollment into the TB Fast Track trial in South Africa (2013-2015). A total of 251 adults [median CD4 count, 37.5 cells/μL; interquartile range, 14-68 cells/µL; 152 (60.6%) on antiretroviral therapy] experienced 304 admissions. Ninety-five of 251 of the first admissions (37.8%) were TB related; the next most common causes were AIDS-related illnesses (41 of 251, 16.3%) and surgical causes (21 of 251, 8.4%). Of those admitted with previously undiagnosed TB, 60% had CD4 counts less than 50 cells/µL. Overall, 137 of 251 individuals died as inpatients or within 90 days of their first discharge. Case fatality rates were particularly high for those admitted with TB (66%) and bacterial infections (80%). In 144 admissions for whom anti-TB treatment had not been started before admission, a sputum-based TB investigation was recorded in only 12 of 57 admissions (21.1%) in whom one or more TB symptom was recorded (24 of 57 started on treatment), and 6 of 87 admissions (6.9%) in whom no TB symptoms were recorded (14 of 87 started on treatment). Hospitalized adults with advanced HIV are at high risk of death. TB was a common cause of hospitalization but was under-investigated, even in those with symptoms. In addition to early identification of TB and other AIDS-related illnesses during hospitalization of adults with advanced HIV, improved pre-hospital management strategies are needed to interrupt disease progression and reduce poor outcomes in this already vulnerable population.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram showing numbers of participants enrolled in the TB Fast Track trial, admitted to the hospital, included and excluded from analysis (with reasons), and the numbers of admissions recorded by study arm. TB = tuberculosis.

Figure 2.

Outcome of first admission by cause of admission (N = 251). TB = tuberculosis; tx = treatment.

Figure 3.

Tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics performed on admissions not on anti-TB treatment (n = 144) comparing symptomatic (n = 57) and asymptomatic (n = 87) admissions. Cul = TB culture; CXR = chest X-ray; GXP = Xpert MTB/RIF assay; Ix = investigations; micro = microscopy; Xpert = Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GXP and Xpert represent the same test). * Cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss.