Acute effects of oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on autonomic cardiac activity and their relation to subjective and anxiogenic effects

Abstract

Cannabis is the most commonly used psychotropic drug in the United States, after alcohol. Despite its apparent sedative and calming effects, cannabis and its main psychoactive constituent, ∆⁹ -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) can produce serious adverse effects including tachycardia and anxiety. These effects can be especially pronounced in women, who remain underrepresented in clinical cannabinoid research. The present study is one of the first to characterize the effects of single doses of oral THC on autonomic nervous system function in healthy adult women. Occasional female cannabis users participated in three laboratory sessions in which they received oral THC (7.5 and 15 mg) and placebo. Autonomic measures included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pre-ejection period (PEP) a measure of cardiac sympathetic functioning, and high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) a measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. Autonomic responses were examined in relation to subjective drug effects. THC dose-dependently increased HR, decreased HF-HRV, and increased ratings of feeling a drug effect, cannabis-like intoxication, and anxiety. Although the drug did not significantly affect BP or PEP, HR was negatively related to both PEP and HF-HRV. HF-HRV, the measure of parasympathetic activity, was significantly negatively related to subjective measures of cannabis intoxication (but not anxiety) at the 15 mg dose only. PEP was not significantly related to any subjective measure. These results extend our knowledge of the autonomic effects of THC in relation to subjective drug experience. This and future studies will help us to understand risk factors related to cannabis use.

Keywords: Cannabis; autonomic; delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; heart rate; heart rate variability; impedance cardiography.

Figure 1.

THC dose-dependently increased HR (A) and decreased HF-HRV (B), with no consistent effect on PEP (C), reported as means with standard error of the mean (SEM).

Figure 1.

THC dose-dependently increased HR (A) and decreased HF-HRV (B), with no consistent effect on PEP (C), reported as means with standard error of the mean (SEM).

Figure 2.

THC dose-dependently increased ratings of DEQ: “Feel” (A), ARCI: M Scale (B) and POMS: Anxiety Scale ratings (C), reported as means with standard error of the mean (SEM).

Figure 2.

THC dose-dependently increased ratings of DEQ: “Feel” (A), ARCI: M Scale (B) and POMS: Anxiety Scale ratings (C), reported as means with standard error of the mean (SEM).

Figure 3.

Regression of autonomic and subjective measures peak change difference scores (PCDS) between the 15 mg THC condition and placebo (PLC) condition. HF-HRV was a significant predictor of ARCI: Mar Scale scores at the 15 mg THC dose only.