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. 2021 Oct 20;10(10):CD011723.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011723.pub2.

Mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders

Simon B Goldberg  1 , Brian Pace  2 , Matas Griskaitis  3 , Reinhard Willutzki  4 , Nicole Skoetz  5 , Sven Thoenes  6 , Aleksandra E Zgierska  7 , Susanne Rösner  8
Affiliations

Mindfulness-based interventions for substance use disorders

Simon B Goldberg et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly prevalent and associated with a substantial public health burden. Although evidence-based interventions exist for treating SUDs, many individuals remain symptomatic despite treatment, and relapse is common.Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have been examined for the treatment of SUDs, but available evidence is mixed.

Objectives: To determine the effects of MBIs for SUDs in terms of substance use outcomes, craving and adverse events compared to standard care, further psychotherapeutic, psychosocial or pharmacological interventions, or instructions, waiting list and no treatment.

Search methods: We searched the following databases up to April 2021: Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Specialised Register, CENTRAL, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL and PsycINFO. We searched two trial registries and checked the reference lists of included studies for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Selection criteria: RCTs testing a MBI versus no treatment or another treatment in individuals with SUDs. SUDs included alcohol and/or drug use disorders but excluded tobacco use disorders. MBIs were defined as interventions including training in mindfulness meditation with repeated meditation practice. Studies in which SUDs were formally diagnosed as well as those merely demonstrating elevated SUD risk were eligible.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane.

Main results: Forty RCTs met our inclusion criteria, with 35 RCTs involving 2825 participants eligible for meta-analysis. All studies were at high risk of performance bias and most were at high risk of detection bias. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) versus no treatment Twenty-four RCTs included a comparison between MBI and no treatment. The evidence was uncertain about the effects of MBIs relative to no treatment on all primary outcomes: continuous abstinence rate (post: risk ratio (RR) = 0.96, 95% CI 0.44 to 2.14, 1 RCT, 112 participants; follow-up: RR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.01, 1 RCT, 112 participants); percentage of days with substance use (post-treatment: standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.05, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.47, 4 RCTs, 248 participants; follow-up: SMD = 0.21, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.54, 3 RCTs, 167 participants); and consumed amount (post-treatment: SMD = 0.10, 95% CI -0.31 to 0.52, 3 RCTs, 221 participants; follow-up: SMD = 0.33, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.66, 2 RCTs, 142 participants). Evidence was uncertain for craving intensity and serious adverse events. Analysis of treatment acceptability indicated MBIs result in little to no increase in study attrition relative to no treatment (RR = 1.04, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.40, 21 RCTs, 1087 participants). Certainty of evidence for all other outcomes was very low due to imprecision, risk of bias, and/or inconsistency. Data were unavailable to evaluate adverse events. Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) versus other treatments (standard of care, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, support group, physical exercise, medication) Nineteen RCTs included a comparison between MBI and another treatment. The evidence was very uncertain about the effects of MBIs relative to other treatments on continuous abstinence rate at post-treatment (RR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.44, 1 RCT, 286 participants) and follow-up (RR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.28 to 1.16, 1 RCT, 286 participants), and on consumed amount at post-treatment (SMD = -0.42, 95% CI -1.23 to 0.39, 1 RCT, 25 participants) due to imprecision and risk of bias. The evidence suggests that MBIs reduce percentage of days with substance use slightly relative to other treatments at post-treatment (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI -0.45 to 0.03, 5 RCTs, 523 participants) and follow-up (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI -0.96 to 0.17, 3 RCTs, 409 participants). The evidence was very uncertain about the effects of MBIs relative to other treatments on craving intensity due to imprecision and inconsistency. Analysis of treatment acceptability indicated MBIs result in little to no increase in attrition relative to other treatments (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.26, 14 RCTs, 1531 participants). Data were unavailable to evaluate adverse events.

Authors' conclusions: In comparison with no treatment, the evidence is uncertain regarding the impact of MBIs on SUD-related outcomes. MBIs result in little to no higher attrition than no treatment. In comparison with other treatments, MBIs may slightly reduce days with substance use at post-treatment and follow-up (4 to 10 months). The evidence is uncertain regarding the impact of MBIs relative to other treatments on abstinence, consumed substance amount, or craving. MBIs result in little to no higher attrition than other treatments. Few studies reported adverse events.

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Conflict of interest statement

SIMON B. GOLDBERG: No conflict of interest known

BRIAN T. PACE: No conflict of interest known

MATAS GRISKAITIS: No conflict of interest known

REINHARD WILLUTZKI: No conflict of interest known

NICOLE SKOETZ: No conflict of interest known

SVEN THOENES: (deceased, October 2020). No conflict of interest known. This declaration of interest was provided before the author died.

ALEKSANDRA ZGIERSKA: Dr. Zgierska is a member of the Board of Directors for the American Society of Addiction Medicine.

SUSANNE RÖSNER: No conflict of interest known

Figures

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Study flow diagram.
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1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 1: Continuous abstinence at post‐treatment
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 2: Continuous abstinence at follow‐up
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 3: Percentage days with substance use at post‐treatment
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 4: Percentage days with substance use at follow‐up
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 5: Consumed amount at post‐treatment
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 6: Consumed amount at follow‐up
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 7: Craving intensity at post‐treatment
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 8: Treatment acceptability (attrition)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Mindfulness versus no treatment, Outcome 9: Treatment acceptability (attrition): sensitivity analysis (fixed‐effects model)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 1: Continuous abstinence at post‐treatment
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 2: Continuous abstinence at follow‐up
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 3: Percentage days with substance use at post‐treatment
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 4: Percentage days with substance use at follow‐up
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 5: Consumed amount at post‐treatment
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 6: Craving intensity at post‐treatment
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 7: Craving intensity at follow‐up
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 8: Treatment acceptability (attrition)
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Mindfulness versus other treatments, Outcome 9: Treatment acceptability (attrition): sensitivity analysis (fixed effects model)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011723

References

References to studies included in this review

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Himelstein 2015 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Imani 2015 {published data only}
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Machado 2020 {published data only}
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Mermelstein 2015 {published data only}
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Ramezani 2019 {published data only}
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Shorey 2017 {published data only}
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Wongtongkam 2018 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
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Yaghubi 2017 {published data only}
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Zhang 2019 {published data only}
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References to studies excluded from this review

Alexander 2019 {published data only}
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Amaro 2017 {published data only}
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Carpentier 2015 {published data only}
    1. Carpentier D, Romo L, Bouthillon-Heitzmann P, Limosin F. Mindfulness-based-relapse prevention (MBRP): evaluation of the impact of a group of mindfulness therapy in alcohol relapse prevention for alcohol use disorders. L'Encephale 2015;41(6):521-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.05.003] - DOI - PubMed
Caselli 2016 {published data only}
    1. Caselli G, Gemelli A, Spada MM, Wells A. Experimental modification of perspective on thoughts and metacognitive beliefs in alcohol use disorder. Psychiatry Research 2016;244:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.029] - DOI - PubMed
Chen 2019 {published data only}
    1. Chen JY, Yu JC, Cao JP, Xiao Y, Gu H, Zhong RL, et al. Abstinence following a motivation-skill-desensitization-mental energy intervention for heroin dependence: a three-year follow-up result of a randomized controlled trial. Current Medical Science 2019;39(3):472-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-019-2062-y] - DOI - PubMed
Chouhan 2011 {published data only}
    1. Chouhan S, Kumar S. Comparative study between effectiveness of dance movement therapy and progressive relaxation therapy with music for stress management in college students. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy 2011;5(2):172-5.
Collins 2009 {published data only}
    1. Collins SE, Chawla N, Hsu SH, Grow J, Otto JM, Marlatt GA. Language-based measures of mindfulness: initial validity and clinical utility. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors 2009;23(4):743-9. [DOI: 10.1037/a0017579] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Crescentini 2015 {published data only}
    1. Crescentini C, Matiz A Fabbro F. Improving personality/character traits in individuals with alcohol dependence: the influence of mindfulness-oriented meditation. Journal of Addictive Diseases 2015;34(1):75-87. [DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2014.991657] - DOI - PubMed
Crowfoot 2014 {published data only}
    1. Crowfoot K. The effects of meditation on the perceived stress of participants in an outpatient substance abuse program. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2014;74(11-B(E)):Not-specified.
DRKS00015678 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00015678. Substance use prevention in adolescence by the mindfulness-augmented Strengthening Families Program 10-14 („SFP-Mind“). http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00015678 2019.
Enkema 2017 {published data only}
    1. Enkema MC, Bowen S. Mindfulness practice moderates the relationship between craving and substance use in a clinical sample. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2017;179:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.036] - DOI - PubMed
Fonagy 2010 {published data only}
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Garland 2014 {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Froeliger B, Howard MO. Effects of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement on reward responsiveness and opioid cue-reactivity. Psychopharmacology 2014;231(16):3229-38. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2014a {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Manusov EG, Froeliger B, Kelly A, Williams JM, Howard MO. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: results from an early-stage randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology: 2014;82(3):448-59. [DOI: 10.1037/a0035798] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2014b {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Black DS. Mindfulness for chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: novel mechanisms and unresolved issues. Substance Use & Misuse 2014;49(5):608-11. [DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.852801] - DOI - PubMed
Garland 2017 {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Howard MO, Zubieta JK, Froeliger B. Restructuring hedonic dysregulation in chronic pain and prescription opioid misuse: effects of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement on responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2017;86(2):111-2. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2017a {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Bryan CJ, Finan PH Thomas EA Priddy SE, Riquino MR, et al. Pain, hedonic regulation, and opioid misuse: modulation of momentary experience by mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement in opioid-treated chronic pain patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2017;173 Suppl 1:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.033] - DOI - PubMed
Garland 2017b {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Baker AK, Howard MO. Mindfulness- oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid attentional bias among prescription opioid-treated chronic pain patients. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 2017;8(4):493-509. [DOI: 10.1086/694324] - DOI
Garland 2018 {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Howard MO. Enhancing natural reward responsiveness among opioid users predicts chronic pain relief: eeg analyses from a trial of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research 2018;9(2):285-303. [DOI: 10.1086/697685] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2019a {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Bryan MA, Priddy SE, Riquino MR, Froeliger B, Howard MO. Effects of mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement versus social support on negative affective interference during inhibitory control among opioid-treated chronic pain patients: a pilot mechanistic study. Annals of behavioral medicine 2019;53(10):865‐76. [DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay096] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2019b {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Hanley AW, Riquino MR, Reese SE, Baker AK, Salas K, et al. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid misuse risk via analgesic and positive psychological mechanisms: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2019;87(10):927-40. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2019c {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Atchley RM, Hanley AW, Zubieta JK, Froeliger B. Mindfulness- oriented recovery enhancement remediates hedonic dysregulation in opioid users: neural and affective evidence of target engagement. Science Advances 2019;5(10):1-12. [DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax1569] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Garland 2020 {published data only}
    1. Garland EL, Hudak J, Hanley AW, Nakamura Y. Mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement reduces opioid dose in primary care by strengthening autonomic regulation during meditation. American Psychologist 2020;75(6):840-52. - PMC - PubMed
Gayner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gayner B, Esplen M, DeRoche P, Wong J, Bishop S, Kavanagh L, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction to manage affective symptoms and improve quality of life in gay men living with HIV. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2012;35(3):272-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s10865-011-9350-8] - DOI - PubMed
Gibson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gibson BC, Votaw VR, Stein ER, Clark VP, Witkiewitz K. Increases in mindfulness following mindfulness-based relapse prevention and transcranial direct current stimulation to reduce heavy drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2019;43(Supplement 1):56A. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Grow 2015 {published data only}
    1. Grow JC, Collins SE, Harrop EN, Marlatt GA. Enactment of home practice following mindfulness-based relapse prevention and its association with substance-use outcomes. Addictive Behaviors 2015;40:16-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.07.030] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hai 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hai H, Wigmore B, Franklin C, Shorkey C, Sternberg K, Cole AH, et al. Efficacy of two-way prayer meditation in improving the psychospiritual well-being of people with substance use disorders: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Substance Abuse 2021;in press:Epub ahead of print. - PubMed
Hargreaves 1974 {published data only}
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Hruschak 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hruschak V, Rosen D, Tierney M, Eack SM, Wasan AD, Cochran G. Integrated Psychosocial Group Treatment: a randomized pilot trial of a harm reduction and preventive approach for patients with chronic pain at risk of opioid misuse. Pain Medicine 2021;22(9):2007-18. - PubMed
Iranshahri 2015 {published data only}
    1. Iranshahri B, Jenaabadi H. The effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in controlling under treatment addicts’ drug cravings. Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2015;04(03):88-98. [DOI: 10.4236/ojmp.2015.43009] - DOI
IRCT20150413021727N2 {published data only}
    1. IRCT20150413021727N2. The effect of mindfulness-based group therapy in relapse prevention of methamphetamine-addicted males. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20150413021727N2 2017.
IRCT2015042420961N {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015042420961N. The effect of wells’ metacognitive therapy on dysfunctional thoughts in addicts with drug abuse. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015042420961N3 2015.
Kamboj 2017 {published data only}
    1. Kamboj SK, Irez D, Serfaty S, Thomas E, Das RK, Freeman TP. Ultra- brief mindfulness training reduces alcohol consumption in at-risk drinkers: a randomized double-blind active-controlled experiment. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 2017;20(11):936-47. [DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx064] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lee MY, Zaharlick A, Akers D. Impact of meditation on mental health outcomes of female trauma survivors of interpersonal violence with co-occurring disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of interpersonal Violence 2017;32(14):2139-65. [DOI: 10.1177/0886260515591277] - DOI - PubMed
Lyons 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lyons T, Womack VY, Cantrell WD, Kenemore T. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention in a jail drug treatment program. Substance Use & Misuse 2019;54(1):57-64. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Magidson 2011 {published data only}
    1. Magidson JF, Gorka SM, MacPherson L, Hopko DR, Blanco C, Lejuez CW, et al. Examining the effect of the Life Enhancement Treatment for Substance Use (LETS ACT) on residential substance abuse treatment retention. Addictive Behaviors 2011;36(6):615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.016] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Malouf 2017 {published data only}
    1. Malouf ET, Youman K, Stuewig J, Witt EA, Tangney JP. A pilot rct of a values-based mindfulness group intervention with jail inmates: evidence for reduction in post-release risk behavior. Mindfulness 2017;8(3):603-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0636-3] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Marcus 2001 {published data only}
    1. Marcus MT, Fine M, Kouzekanani K. Mindfulness-based meditation in a therapeutic community. Journal of Substance Use 2001;5(4):305-11.
Marcus 2009 {published data only}
    1. Marcus MT, Schmitz J, Moeller G, Liehr P, Cron SG, Swank P, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction in therapeutic community treatment: a stage 1 trial. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 2009;35(2):103-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990902823079] - DOI - PubMed
Murphy 2014 {published data only}
    1. Murphy CM, MacKillop J. Mindfulness as a strategy for coping with cue-elicited cravings for alcohol: an experimental examination. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 2014;38(4):1134-42. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12322] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Nakamura 2015 {published data only}
    1. Nakamura Y, Lipschitz DL, Kanarowski E, McCormick T, Sutherland D, Melow-Murchie M. Investigating Impacts of Incorporating an adjuvant mind-body intervention method into treatment as usual at a community-based substance abuse treatment facility: a pilot randomized controlled study. Sage Open 2015;5(1):1-18. [DOI: 10.1177/2158244015572489] - DOI
NCT01505101 {published data only}
    1. NCT01505101. Mindfulness- oriented recovery enhancement for chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01505101 2012.
NCT04082637 {published data only}
    1. NCT04082637. Mindful body awareness with buprenorphine for opioid use disorder treatment. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04082637 2019.
NCT04160754 {published data only}
    1. Mindfulness for at risk youth: understanding substance use and important mechanisms of change. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04160754.
NCT04567043 {published data only}
    1. Treating opioid misuse via mindfulness-based just-in-time adaptive intervention. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04567043.
NCT04769986 {published data only}
    1. Mobile mindfulness for alcohol use and PTSD among veterans. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04769986.
Nice 2008 {published data only}
    1. Nice PR. Mindfulness interventions in the treatment of substance and mood disorders. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2008;69(3-B):1982.
Ojehagen 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ojehagen A, Berglund M. Acceptance, attrition, and outcome in an outpatient treatment programme for alcoholics. A comparison between a randomized and a non-randomized process-outcome study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1992;242(2-3):82-4. - PubMed
Parker 1978 {published data only}
    1. Parker JC, Gilbert GS, Thoreson RW. Anxiety management in alcoholics: a study of generalized effects of relaxation techniques. Addictive Behaviors 1978;3(2):123-7. - PubMed
Parker 1978a {published data only}
    1. Parker JC, Gilbert GS, Thoreson RW. Reduction of autonomic arousal in alcoholics: a comparison of relaxation and meditation techniques. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1978;46(5):879-86. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Price 2012 {published data only}
    1. Price CJ, Wells EA, Donovan DM, Rue T. Mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy as an adjunct to women's substance use disorder treatment: A pilot feasibility study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2012;43(1):94-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2011.09.016] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Price 2012a {published data only}
    1. Price CJ, Wells EA, Donovan DM, Brooks M. Implementation and acceptability of mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy in women's substance use disorder treatment. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012;18(5):454-62. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0126] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Price 2016 {published data only}
    1. Price C, Crowell S. Interoceptive awareness training for emotion regulation through mindful body awareness for women in treatment for substance use disorder. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2016;22(6):A19. [DOI: ]
Price 2017 {published data only}
    1. Price C, Crowell SE, Cheng C, Thompson E. Interoceptive awareness training for women in SUD treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Conference: 2016 annual meeting of the college on problems of drug dependence, CPDD 2016. United states 2017;171:e169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.464] - DOI
Price 2018 {published data only}
    1. Price CJ, Thompson EA, Crowell SE, Pike K, Cheng SC, Parent S, et al. Immediate effects of interoceptive awareness training through mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (mabt) for women in substance use disorder treatment. Substance Abuse 2019;40:102-15. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Price 2019 {published data only}
    1. Price CJ, Thompson EA, Crowell S, Pike K. Longitudinal effects of interoceptive awareness training through mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT) as an adjunct to women's substance use disorder treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2019;198:140-9. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
Price 2019a {published data only}
    1. Price CJ, Merrill JO, McCarty RL, Pike KC, Tsui JI. A pilot study of mindful body awareness training as an adjunct to office-based medication treatment of opioid use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2019;108:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.05.013] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Rentala 2020 {published data only}
    1. Rentala S, Ng S, Chan CLW, Bevoor P, Nayak RB, Desai M. Effect of holistic relapse prevention intervention among individuals with alcohol dependence: a prospective study at a mental health care setting in India. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse 2020;in press:Epub ahead of print. - PubMed
Russell 2019 {published data only}
    1. Russell BS, Hutchison M, Fusco A. Emotion regulation outcomes and preliminary feasibility evidence from a mindfulness intervention for adolescent substance use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse 2019;28:21-31. [DOI: ]
Simpson 2015 {published data only}
    1. Simpson TL, Stappenbeck CA, Luterek JA, Rosenthal CF, Gurrad B, Kaysen D. Outcomes of an rct comparingtwo copingskills among dually diagnosed individuals with alcohol dependence and PTSD. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 2015;39:299a. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.12742] - DOI
Tang 2016 {published data only}
    1. Tang YY, Tang R, Posner MI. Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2016;163 Suppl 1:S13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.041] - DOI - PubMed
Temme 2012 {published data only}
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Vinci 2014 {published data only}
    1. Vinci C, Peltier MR, Shah S, Kinsaul J, Waldo K, McVay MA, et al. Effects of a brief mindfulness intervention on negative affect and urge to drink among college student drinkers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2014;59:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.012] - DOI - PubMed
Wupperman 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wupperman P, Cohen MG, Haller DL Flom P, Litt LC, Rounsaville BJ. Mindfulness and modification therapy for behavioral dysregulation: a comparison trial focused on substance use and aggression. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2015;71(10):964-78. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22213] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

ACTRN12613000193774 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12613000193774. The effects of Mindfulness training people recovering from alcohol dependence. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ACTRN12613000193774 2013.
Baldus 2018 {published data only}
    1. Baldus C, Mokros L, Daubmann A, Arnaud N, Holtmann M, Thomasius R, et al. Treatment effectiveness of a mindfulness-based inpatient group psychotherapy in adolescent substance use disorder - study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19(1):706. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-3048-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Becker 2017 {published data only}
    1. Becker A, Ehret AM, Kirsch P. From the neurobiological basis of comorbid alcohol dependence and depression to psychological treatment strategies: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2017;17(1):153. [DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1324-0] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
c9njc, R. B. R. {published data only}
    1. Effects of mindfulness on impulsivity of peope with alcohol use disorder. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=RBR-6c9njc.
CasasGaviln 2018 {published data only}
    1. Casas Gavilán E, Peña Lorente T. Eficacia del programa de prevención de recaídas basado en mindfulness para la disminución del craving del paciente alcohólico. Nure Investigación 2018;15(93):1-10.
Chen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chen XJ, Wang DM, Zhou LD, Winkler M, Pauli P, Sui N, et al. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention combined with virtual reality cue exposure for methamphetamine use disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2018;70:99‐105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.04.006] - DOI - PubMed
Connors 2011 {published data only}
    1. Connors GJ, Walitzer KS, Smyth NS, Reschke JE. Changes in stress and drinking following MBSR training in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol 2011;45(3):301.
CTRI/2018/07/014994 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2018/07/014994. Holistic relapse prevention for alcoholic patients. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2018/07/014994 2018.
Garland 2016a {published data only}
    1. Garland E. Mindfulness promotes positive emotion-cognition interactions integral to human flourishing: evidence from research on mindfulness-oriented recovery enhancement. Psychosomatic Medicine 2016;78(3):A9. [DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000343] - DOI
IRCT2013031612826N1 {published data only}
    1. Irct2013031612826N. Effectiveness of mindfulness based group therapy reduction of risk factors for relapse in opioid addicted. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2013031612826N1 2013.
IRCT2015041321727N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015041321727N1. The effectiveness of group therapy based on detached mindfulness (DM) techniques in decreasing the tendency and the probability using in drug dependents under methadone maintenance treatment. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015041321727N1 2015.
IRCT2015061522749N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015061522749N1. The effectiveness of mindfulness on addiction. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015061522749N1 2015.
IRCT2015121925603N1 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2015121925603N. The effectiveness of mindfulness therapy on the methamphetamine addicts. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2015121925603N1 2016.
Irct20170702034844N {published data only}
    1. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention group therapy among people with opioids use disorder. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT20170702034844N5.
IRCT2017081325160N7 {published data only}
    1. IRCT2017081325160N7. The Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reduction of psychological symptoms,craving beliefs and increase self-efficacy in opioid abusers. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=IRCT2017081325160N7 2017.
NCT01211418 {published data only}
    1. NCT01211418. Integrative meditation (IM) for cocaine addiction. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01211418 2010.
NCT02147483 {published data only}
    1. NCT02147483. Mindfulness- based relapse prevention for alcohol use disorders in remission. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02147483 2013.
NCT03366909 {published data only}
    1. NCT03366909. Mindfulness meditation and cannabis dependence: therapy effectiveness. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03366909 2017.
NCT03748875 {published data only}
    1. NCT03748875. The effect of mindfulness-based relapse prevention on impulsive control circuit among methamphetamine dependents. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03748875 2018.
NCT03894501 {published data only}
    1. NCT03894501. Pilot of mindfulness oriented recovery enhancement in methadonetreatment. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03894501 2019.
Negrei 2015 {published data only}
    1. Negrei C, Stan M, Balalau C, Ginghina O, Baconi DL, Craciun B. The effectiveness of combining pharmacologic strategies with MCBT for diminishing the level of depression and anxiety at patients diagnosed with addiction. Toxicology Letters. 2015;238(2 suppl. 1):S150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.468] - DOI
Park 2005 {published data only}
    1. Park HN, Yoo SJ. Effects of meditation training program on self concept, abstinence self-efficacy, and abstinence in alcoholic patients. Journal Korean Academy Psychology Mental Health Nusrsing 2005;14(3):304-12.
RBR‐4br6q5 {published data only}
    1. R B R br6q. The effect of mindfulness meditation on crack cocaine users. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=RBR-4br6q5 2016.

References to ongoing studies

DRKS00014041 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00014041. Treatment of mindfulness-based psychotherapy in adolescent inpatients with substance use disorders. http://www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00014041 2018.
Ellingson 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ellingson JM, York Williams S, Hagerty SL, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE. Is mindfulness a mechanism of change in co-occurring Aud and internalizing symptoms: a pilot study of individual MBRP. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2018;42:260. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13747] - DOI
    1. York Williams SL, Hagerty SL, Ellingson J, Bryan A, Hutchison KE. Preliminary results on non-abstinence focused treatment for alcohol use disorder in treatment seeking adults. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2018;42:259. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.13747] - DOI
    1. Zabelski AE, Karoly HC, Hutchison KE, Ross JM. Investigating alcohol and cannabis co-use patterns in a sample of treatment-engaged heavy drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 2020;44:162A.
NCT02755103 {published data only}
    1. NCT02755103. Mindfulness meditation for the treatment of women with comorbid PTSD and SUD. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02755103 2016.
NCT03734666 {published data only}
    1. NCT03734666. Development of a mindfulness-based treatment for the reduction of alcohol use and smoking cessation. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03734666 2018.
NCT03883646 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Mindfulness for alcohol abusing offenders. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03883646 2019.
NCT04112186 {published data only}
    1. NCT. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) in heroin addiction. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04112186 2019.
NCT04278352 {published data only}
    1. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for opioid use disorders. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04278352.
NCT04278586 {published data only}
    1. Effect of mindfulness on opioid use and anxiety during primary care buprenorphine treatment (R33 phase). https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04278586.
NCT04491968 {published data only}
    1. Mindfulness oriented recovery enhancement for chronic pain and opioid relapse. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04491968.
NCT04584502 {published data only}
    1. Mindful Moms in Recovery. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04584502.
NCT04648228 {published data only}
    1. Pain and opioids: integrated treatment in veterans. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04648228.

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